AIM OF THE STUDYThe purpose of the study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), Polygala senega (Senega) and Viburnum trilobum (Cranberry) bark extract fractions from locally produced materials in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced murine macrophage RAW 164.7 cells.MATERIALS AND METHODSFour fractions from each of the three extracts were obtained: (80% ethanol extracted; Fa), (water-soluble polysaccharide fraction; Fb), (Polyphenolic fraction; Fc) and (ETOAc/H(2)O extracted fraction; Fd). These extract fractions were tested in the cell screening system at 50,100 and 500 microg/ml for their ability to inhibit LPS induced inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6. Supernatants from LPS alone treated cells were used as control. The cytokines in the cell culture supernatants following treatments with extract fractions were quantified by ELISA method, using 96 well ELISA plates.RESULTSAll fractions of the extracts significantly inhibited (p<0.05) the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha except the polyphenolic Fc fraction of Senega which showed an increased production of IL-6. Furthermore, each fraction showed a dose-dependant anti-inflammatory effect. Nitric oxide production was not affected by cranberry and senega, while Chaga significantly reduced NO production in murine macrophage cell assay.CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that the extracts obtained from the root of Polygala senega L., bark of Viburnum trilobum, and the mushroom Inonotus obliquus possess anti-inflammatory properties when tested in a RAW 264.7 macrophage cell system.

01 Jan 1969·YAKUGAKU ZASSHI

Studies on the Standardization of Crude Drugs. XVIII. : Studies on the Analytic Method of Senega Saponins

Article

Author: Takido, Michio ; Kimura, Yushiro ; Kita, Fumio ; Aikawa, Hiroshi

The quant. assay of senega saponin was performed by measuring uv absorption.Substances A and B, isolated from senega saponin by thin-layer chromatog. (TLC) and silica gel column chromatog., showed the following phys. properties: A, m. 252-3° (decomposition), uv λMeOHmax 315 mμ; B, m. 256-7° (decompose), uv λMeOHmax 315 mμ.Maximum absorption at 315 mμ may be due to the presence of cinnamic acid in the saponin mol.Values of saponin in senega root from various sources obtained by this method were in the range of 8-16%.These values were comparable with those obtained by the hemolytic index method.

01 Jan 1947·Diseases of the Chest

Fifteen Years' Experience with Carbon Dioxide in the Management of Cough

Article

Author: Andrew L. Banyai

1. The rational management of cough depends upon its nature, origin, and upon the associated clinical findings. 2. Cough which originates from the lung may function with a high degree of failure (tussic insufficiency). 3. Ineffective cough harbors a number of potential dangers and, therefore, it should be corrected. 4. Suppression of the cough by depressing the cough reflex by narcotics, though easy to do, does not necessarily mean adequate treatment. As a matter of fact, there are a great many instances when the administration of narcotics may do more harm than good. 5. Unproductive cough may coexist with an accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the lower air passages. 6. No patient should be permitted to become exhausted under the strain of incessant coughing or to drown in his own accumulated pulmonary secretions. 7. Whenever considerable inflammatory exudate is present in the bronchopulmonary tract, relief from cough is best brought about by the adequate evacuation of these structures. 8. Drugs prescribed for the cleansing of the bronchi and alveoli should be selected according to the individual requirements of the case. 9. Expectoration is not the only means for the elimination of inflammatory exudates from the lung. Large amounts of the exudate are resorbed from the respiratory tract under favorable circumstances. 10. Clinical observation of others as well as my own experience have convinced me that carbon dioxide is a most efficient expectorant. It is superior to medicinal doses of potassium iodide, senega, ipecac and emetine hydrochloride. It is much better than steam Inhalation. It aids the cleansing of the lungs both by facilitated expectoration and by pulmonary resorption. 11. When it is used as an expectorant, one can administer a mixture of 5 per cent carbon dioxide and 95 per cent oxygen, or 10 per cent carbon dioxide and 90 per cent oxygen. The strength of the gas mixture and the timing of its inhalation should be adjusted to the individual patient. 12. It is of advantage to combine carbon dioxide inhalation with steam inhalation. 13. Postural drainage may be instituted after the inhalation of carbon dioxide for the rapid evacuation of the respiratory tract. 14. Carbon dioxide by inhalation is given only as a symptomatic measure and it must not exclude specific drugs or accepted methods of treatment.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Sputum excretion difficulty	Japan	SIOE Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	25 Feb 1986

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