Effects of four inhibitors of NF-κB, SAPK/JNK and TLR4 signaling, namely, inhibitor XII, SP600125, CLI-095 and OxPAPC on a macrophage response to low dose ammonium were studied in RAW 264.7 cells.Low dose ammonium induced proinflammatory response in cells as judged from enhanced production of TNF-α, IFN-Γ, and IL-6, and by activation of signal cascades.The increase in production of cytokines, namely TNF, IFN, and IL-6, demonstrated that low-dose ammonium induced a proinflammatory cellular response.In addition, an activation of NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascades, as well as enhancement of TLR4 expression was shown.Each of used inhibitors reduced to a variable degree the proinflammatory response of RAW 264.7 cells to chem. toxin by decreasing cytokine productionThe inhibitor of NF-κB cascade, IKK Inhibitor XII, was more effective, and not only prevented the development of proinflammatory response induced by ammonium, but also decreased cytokine production below control values.The inhibitor of extracellular domains of TLR2 and TLR4 (OxPAPC) had almost the same anti-inflammatory effect, and an addition of the inhibitor of JNK cascade (SP600125) to cell culture practically neutralized the effect of ammonium ions by decreasing cytokine production to control level.Inhibitor anal. showed that activation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by chem. toxin coincided incompletely with intracellular signaling pathways that were earlier determined regarding macrophage response to toxin from Gram-neg. bacteria.Nevertheless, application of the inhibitors protected RAW 264.7 from the toxic effect of low dose ammonium.