Ellagic Acid (EA)

Tsantan Sumtang, a traditional and common prescription of Tibetan medicine recorded in Four Tantra, which has been used as a folk medicine for cardiovascular diseases and heart failure in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia. Our previous studies found that Tsantan Sumtang alleviated hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling (HPVR) in rats. However, the pharmacodynamic substances and molecular mechanisms of Tsantan Sumtang in the intervention of HPVR in high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) rat are unknown.

To investigate the pharmacodynamic and molecular mechanisms of Tibetan medicine Tsantan Sumtang in HPVR in HAPH rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in a hypobaric oxygen chamber for 28 consecutive days to construct a HAPH model. During this period, rats received Tsantan Sumtang and sildenafil administration. The indicators of right ventricular hypertrophy and hemodynamics were evaluated by vevo3100 echocardiography. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was detected by right heart catheterization technique. Meanwhile, the effects of Tsantan Sumtang on pulmonary small arteries remodeling was analyzed by immunofluorescence double staining (α-SMA, PCNA) and western blotting (PCNA). The test of Tsantan Sumtang on ACE, AT1R, ACE2, Mas (immunohistochemistry and western blotting) and Ang II, p-stat3 and STAT3 (western blotting) was carried out. Binding energy between 34 bioactive of Tsantan Sumtang and ACE/AT₁R was screened by molecular docking method. The effect of 9 candidate ingredients on 3 % hypoxia-proliferated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) was tested via CCK-8 assay. The effect of active substances on hypoxia-proliferated PASMCs was detected by crystal violet staining and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine kit. The expression of ACE, Ang II, AT1R, ACE2, Mas, CDK4, CyclinD1, STAT3, p-STAT3 was tested by western blotting.

The mechanism of Tsantan Sumtang alleviating HPVR was based on down-regulated α-SMA, PCNA, ACE, AT1R in pulmonary small arteries, and ACE, Ang II, AT1R, p-STAT3, p-STAT3/STAT3 in lung tissue, while up-regulated ACE2 and Mas in pulmonary small arteries and lung tissue of HAPH rat. Dehydrodiisoeugenol, quercetin, ellagic acid inhibited hypoxia-proliferated PASMCs by regulating renin-angiotensin system and proliferation related proteins in vitro.

Tsantan Sumtang regulated renin-angiotensin system and proliferation related proteins to alleviate hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. Dehydrodiisoeugenol, quercetin and ellagic acid were active substances of Tsantan Sumtang modulating hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling.

Xipayi Mouth Rinse (XPY), a traditional Uyghur medicine formulation derived from Galla Turcica, has long been used to treat "oral heat-toxin syndromes," which closely resemble modern clinical presentations of radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM). Despite promising clinical observations, its pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear.

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of XPY in RIOM and to elucidate its chemical constituents and underlying mechanisms using integrated pharmacological approaches.

RIOM was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by targeted head-and-neck irradiation. XPY was administered as a prophylactic or therapeutic intervention. Mucosal injury, histological changes, pain behaviors, and cytokine levels were assessed. Neurotransmitters were quantified via ELISA. XPY constituents were characterized using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. Network pharmacology and molecular validation were employed to explore mechanisms, particularly the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

XPY significantly alleviated mucosal ulceration and inflammatory infiltration, suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 expression, and upregulated IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). XPY also modulated 5-hydroxytryptamine, β-endorphin, and dopamine levels, enhancing pain thresholds in behavioral tests. Molecular assays revealed XPY downregulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 expression. Bioinformatics and chemical profiling identified gallic acid and ellagic acid as key multi-target constituents.

XPY exerts multi-target anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in RIOM through modulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis and nociceptive pathways. These findings support XPY as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of RIOM and demonstrate the value of integrating traditional ethnomedicine with modern pharmacology.