Ecenofloxacin hydrochloride

Binary MOF@MOF structure offers enhanced porosity, active site density, and structural stability in term of using mono MOFs. In this study, a novel bimetallic composite based on binary MOFs structure, Co-ZIF-67@Fe-MIL(101), was synthesized and subsequently subjected to thermal treatment at 500 °C, resulting in a carbonized catalyst (ZF@ML-500) enriched with mixed metal oxides. This thermally derived composite retained the hierarchical structure of the parent MOF@MOF and exhibited strong ferromagnetic properties and high surface reactivity. The catalyst demonstrated excellent efficiency in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of enrofloxacin achieving over 99.2 % removal within 30 min at an optimal dose of 50 mg L^-1. ZF@ML-500 also showed excellent tolerance to inorganic anions (HCO₃^-, CO₃^2-) and minimal metal leaching Fe and Co with superior reusability over 8 cycles. Mechanistic analysis confirmed the generation of reactive oxygen species (^•OH, SO₄^•-, O₂^•-) and involvement of high-valent metal-oxo species (Fe(IV)-O, Co(IV)-O). Density functional theory (DFT) and LC-MS were employed to identify degradation pathways and ENR attack sites. This work demonstrates that thermally treated binary MOF-derived catalysts offer a promising, robust, and environmentally friendly approach for antibiotic degradation in wastewater treatment.

Livestock wastewater is a crucial source of antibiotic resistance. However, the impact of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), stemming from disinfectants commonly used in livestock farming, on antibiotic resistance has scarcely been explored at the community level. Moreover, the combined effects of these DBPs with antibiotic pressure remain unknown. Herein, we added one antibiotic enrofloxacin, and two typical DBPs trichloromethane (TCM) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), individually or in combination to bioreactors simulating the biotreatment of livestock wastewater. Our time-series metagenomic analysis over 120 days showed that pollutant exposure significantly increased the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), elevating the peak ARG abundance by 23.4 % to 85.4 % compared to the control group. An increasing trend of ARG abundance was observed in the TCAA, enrofloxacin+TCAA, and enrofloxacin+TCM groups with increasing exposure time. Exposure to DBPs alone or in combination with enrofloxacin did not significantly increase the ARG copy number per cell compared to individual enrofloxacin exposure. However, under co-exposure to enrofloxacin and DBPs, the diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) was significantly higher than those in both the control group and the single enrofloxacin group, indicating a stronger driving effect of combined exposure on the dissemination of ARGs. Genomic-centric analysis revealed a significant increase in the relative abundance of ARB when exposed to combined enrofloxacin and DBPs and individual TCM groups at environmentally relevant concentrations. We discovered that plasmids and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) play more essential roles in the spread of ARGs compared to that of integrons and phages. The relative abundance of ARB carrying shared ARGs on both chromosome and plasmids remained nearly stable in control groups but increased to varying extents in all treatment groups. The ARG-carrying ICEs were enriched when exposed to enrofloxacin, TCM, and TCAA alone. The long-term exposure of enrofloxacin or DBPs was in relation with the enrichment of putative pathogenic ARB. Overall, the increased antibiotic resistance levels and the co-occurrence of ARGs, virulence factors, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) resulting from long-term exposure to enrofloxacin or DBPs underscore the considerable microbial risk associated with the release of ARGs from livestock wastewater.