Nortopixantrone hydrochloride

Objectives: Systematic investigation of a novel series of intercalating agents, 9-aza-anthrapyrazoles, has led to the identification of a promising analogue, BBR 3438. This study describes the antitumour efficacy of the novel compound in human prostate carcinoma models and the molecular/cellular basis of its activity. Methods and Results: The novel 9-aza-anthrapyrazole BBR 3438 was significantly more effective than doxorubicin and losoxantrone (DuP-941) in two of the three tested prostate carcinoma models. The superior activity was more evident in PC3 tumour, since BBR 3438 produced an appreciable rate of complete tumour regressions. Under these conditions, the drug-induced antiproliferative activity paralleled delayed apoptosis. Tumour response to in vivo drug treatment was associated with an early down-regulation of Bcl-2, which was somewhat more marked for the aza compound. In fact, the 9-aza-anthrapyrazole induced DNA cleavage in vitro with isolated DNA topoisomerase II (isoform α) and DNA strand breaks in prostatic carcinoma cells. Although the molecular effects of losoxantrone and the 9-aza analogue on the enzyme target were comparable, the cytotoxic effects of BBR 3438 could be enhanced by long-term exposure as a consequence of favourable cellular accumulation and prominent DNA-binding affinity. In addition, a lower reduction potential of the 9-aza-anthrapyrazole in comparison with classical anthrapyrazoles suggests an increased ability of the drug to induce oxidative stress following free radical production, which may be a contributing factor in determining the long-term response (i.e. delayed cell death) to genotoxic damage. Conclusions: BBR 3438 exhibited a unique profile of preclinical activity with a superior efficacy against prostatic carcinoma models compared to reference compounds (doxorubicin and losoxantrone). The antitumour efficacy of BBR 3438 against prostatic carcinoma could be the result of a combination of favourable events, including enhanced intracellular accumulation and an increased DNA-binding affinity favouring the accumulation of multiple sublethal or lethal damage. In spite of its enhanced cytotoxic potency, the 9-aza compound was better tolerated in vivo than losoxantrone, thus improving the therapeutic index. The preclinical profile of efficacy against prostatic carcinoma, a tumour resistant to conventional antitumour drugs, makes the novel 9-aza-anthrapyrazole BBR 3438 a promising candidate for clinical evaluation.

Gateways to Clinical Trials are a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables have been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: ABT-510, adalimumab, alefacept, ambrisentan, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, armodafinil, aselizumab, asenapine maleate, azelnidipine; Bevacizumab, bexarotene, bimosiamose, biphasic insulin aspart, bortezomib, bosentan, BQ-123; C340, cannabidiol, caspofungin acetate, CC-4047, certolizumab pegol, cetuximab, ciclesonide, cilansetron, Cypher; Dabigatran etexilate, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin hydrobromide, desloratadine, dexosome vaccine (melanoma), dimethyl fumarate, dronabinol/cannabidiol, drospirenone, drospirenone/estradiol, drotrecogin alfa (activated), duloxetine hydrochloride, dutasteride; Efalizumab, eglumetad hydrate, emoxipin hydrochloride, eplerenone, erlotinib hydrochloride, escitalopram oxalate, etonogestrel/ethinylestradiol; Garenoxacin mesilate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate sodium, gefitinib; H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, human growth hormone-(177-191), human insulin; Indacaterol, INKP-100, INKP-102, insulin glargine, i.v. gamma-globulin; KLH; Lapatinib, L-arginine hydrochloride, lasofoxifene tartrate, levocetirizine, licochalcone A, LMI vaccine, lomefloxacin, lubiprostone, lumiracoxib; Miglustat, mycograb; Natalizumab, NCX-4016, nortopixantrone hydrochloride; Olmesartan medoxomil, omalizumab, oral insulin, OrM3; Parathyroid hormone (human recombinant), parecoxib sodium, PCK-3145, PEG-filgrastim, peginterferon alfa-2a, pemetrexed disodium, pexelizumab, photochlor, pimecrolimus, pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine, polyphenon E; R-126638, R-411, resveratrol, roflumilast, RS-86, ruboxistaurin mesilate hydrate, rupatadine fumarate; Sipuleucel-T, somatropin, St. John's Wort extract; Tadalafil, Taxus, telbivudine, telithromycin, temsirolimus, teriparatide, teverelix, tigecycline, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine, tolvaptan, treprostinil sodium, typhoid vaccine; Vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, vildagliptin, voriconazole; Ximelagatran; Zanolimumab, zileuton.