BACKGROUNDThe sense of smell is fully developed in newborns and plays an important role in their early development. There are several approaches to studying olfactory processing in the newborn brain, including EEG, fMRI, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Understanding the processing of olfactory stimuli in the newborn brain is of fundamental importance for the development of supportive therapeutic odorant delivery, e.g. for weaning by gavage, and for adapting it to the developing brain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different odors (milk, farnesol odor, and water as a control) on changes in brain activation in newborns in two different brain regions.METHODSNewborns older than 72 h and below an age of seven days were divided into two groups with different optode positioning strategies of NIRS, group I parietal and group II frontal. Olfactory stimulation was administered using milk, farnesol (floral odor), and water as a control.RESULTSA total of 26 newborns participated in the study. In the final analysis, 19 children were included. Allthough the optode positioning does not differ significantly, in group I, farnesol stimulation resulted in a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin compared to the control, while milk odor showed a decreased amplitude, particularly in the more parietal optode position. In group II, a significant difference was observed between the milk odor and the control, in the frontal areas.CONCLUSIONSThis study revealed significant changes in hemoglobin oxygenation, indicating neuronal activation following different olfactory stimulation in both optode positionings. Whereas milk had more impact in frontal areas, the floral odor caused an effect in parietal areas.

04 Nov 2024·Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Synergistic effects of quorum-sensing molecules and antimicrobials against Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: in vitro and in vivo studies

Article

Author: Yetke, Hande Ipek ; Haciosmanoglu-Aldogan, Ebru ; Hacioglu, Mayram ; Yilmaz, Fatima Nur

AbstractBackgroundCandida albicans can form polymicrobial biofilms with other microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at infection sites.ObjectivesAs biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics there is a need for new antibiofilm agents that have unique targets and modes of action.MethodsIn this study the antibiofilm effects of two quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs), farnesol and tyrosol, were investigated alone and in combination with antibiotics (aztreonam, colistin, tobramycin) and antifungals (fluconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin), against single- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa in in vitro and in vivo systems.ResultsIt was observed that QSMs alone, especially farnesol, showed at least a 1-log reduction against preformed single- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa. Combination of QSMs with colistin or fluconazole was found to be effective against both single- and dual-species biofilms in vitro. Increased survival was observed in C. elegans when treated with colistin or fluconazole in combination with QSMs, compared with no treatment. Additionally, the QSMs and colistin and farnesol combinations effectively inhibited biofilm formation by C. albicans and P. aeruginosa on bronchial epithelial cells, and reduced IL-1β expression in lung bronchial epithelial cells.ConclusionsThere is a need for effective treatments for bacterial-fungal biofilm infections and, to our knowledge, there have been no studies of QSMs and antimicrobial combinations against dual-species biofilms involving C. albicans and P. aeruginosa. Hence these findings will make a significant contribution to the literature.

01 Nov 2024·Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

Farnesol ameliorates DSS-induced IBD by regulating inflammatory cytokines, repairing the intestinal barrier, reversing the gut microbiota imbalance, and influencing fecal metabolome in C57BL/6 mice

Article

Author: Dai, Juan ; Jiang, Linping ; Liang, Jinping ; Li, Xiaodie ; Yuan, Ya ; Wu, Dazuo ; Zhang, Weiwei ; Ma, Zheng ; Chen, Heping ; Zhao, Chuchu ; Peng, Xinyue

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally, increasing interest in food ingredients for its prevention and control. This study evaluated the effect of farnesol (FAR), a key component of pomelo flower volatile oil, on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. FAR significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis and secondary liver injury, as shown by improved body weight, DAI, colon length, and pathology, as well as liver function and blood lipid indices. The mechanism involves FAR-mediated regulation of inflammatory cytokines, increased expression of tight junction protein genes, and decreased expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins. FAR also enhanced gut microbiota diversity, balancing harmful and probiotic bacteria. Fecal metabolome analysis indicated FAR's role in reversing metabolic disturbances related to inflammation and liver lipid metabolism. These findings support developing functional foods for IBD treatment using pomelo flower volatile oil.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Parkinson Disease	Preclinical	KR	Samsung Biomedical Research Institute	28 Jul 2021
Lung Cancer	Preclinical	US	The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences	01 May 2007

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