Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for determination of tricyclic antidepressants in whole blood and plasma samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with diode array detector (LC-DAD)

Article

Author: Eller, Sarah ; Bezerra Pacheco, André Lucas ; Ugalde, Gustavo Andrade ; Saldanha, Geovane de Almeida ; Bairros, André Valle de ; Reginato, Fernanda Ziegler ; Berlato, Dener Gomes ; Oliveira, Tiago Franco de

Microextractions have been developed for the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) analysis in biological matrices, including dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). The proposed DLLME employed 490 µL of biological sample (whole blood or plasma), which were added 15 mg of NaCl, 10 µL of medazepam as internal standard (10 µg/mL) and 100 µL of 2 M NaOH. This mixture was homogenized by vortex (2800 rpm/10 s) and 400 µL of hexane (extractor solvent) with 600 µL of methanol (dispersing solvent) were added to the sample. After the vortex step (2800 rpm/5 s), an ultrasonic bath for 300 s was employed. Then, this content was centrifuged (10 min/10000 rpm), organic phase was collected and dried under air flow. After, 30 µL of the mobile phase was used for resuspension and 20 µL is injected into LC-DAD. This method was optimized and fully validated according to UNODC and SWGTOX guidelines, reaching limits of detection equivalent to analytical methodologies that employ mass spectrometry (MS). Also, it was applied in real cases involving suspected exposure to TCAs. So, the developed DLLME for the determination of TCAs in whole blood and plasma samples proved to be a simple, reliable, robust and reproducible method that can be used in toxicology and clinical laboratories.

01 Feb 2024·Journal of Chromatography A

3D-printed extraction devices fabricated from silica particles suspended in acrylate resin

Article

Author: Belka, Mariusz ; Opiełka, Mikołaj ; Rutkowska, Aleksandra ; Bączek, Tomasz ; Georgiev, Paweł ; Ulenberg, Szymon ; Kroll, Dagmara

In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in the use of alternative sample preparation methods. Digital light processing (DLP) is a 3D printing technique based on using UV light to form photo-curable resin layer upon layer, which results in a printed shape. This study explores the application of this technique for the development of novel drug extraction devices in analytical chemistry. A composite material consisting of a photocurable resin and C18-modified silica particles was employed as a sorbent device, demonstrating its effectiveness in pharmaceutical analysis. Apart from estimating optimal printing parameters, microscopic examination of the material surface, and sorbent powder to resin ratio, the extraction procedure was also optimised. Optimisation included the type and amount of sample matrix additives, desorption solvent, sorption and desorption times, and proper number of sorbent devices needed in extraction protocol. To demonstrate this method's applicability for sample analysis, the solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) method was validated for its ability to quantify benzodiazepine-type drugs. This evaluation confirmed good linearity in the concentration range of 50-1000 ng/mL, with R² values being 0.9932 and 0.9952 for medazepam and diazepam, respectively. Validation parameters proved that the presented method is precise (with values ranging in-between 2.98 %-7.40 %), and accurate (88.81 % to 110.80 %). A negative control was also performed to investigate possible sorption properties of the resin itself, proving that the addition of C18-modified silica particles significantly increases the extraction efficiency and repeatability. The cost-effectiveness of this approach makes it particularly advantageous for single-use scenarios, eliminating the need for time-consuming sorbent-cleaning procedures, common in traditional solid-phase extraction techniques. Future optimisation opportunities include refining sorbent size, shape, and geometry to achieve lower limits of quantification. As a result of these findings, 3D-printed extraction devices can serve as a viable alternative to commercially available SPE or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) protocols for studying new sample preparation approaches.

21 Sep 2021·International Journal of NeuropsychopharmacologyQ2 · MEDICINE

Driving Performance Under Treatment of Most Frequently Prescribed Drugs for Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review of Patient Studies

Q2 · MEDICINE

ReviewOA

Author: Brunnauer, Alexander ; Zwanzger, Peter ; Laux, Gerd ; Herpich, Florian

AbstractBackgroundMobility is important for daily life functioning, with particular challenges regarding road safety under pharmacological treatment in patients with a psychiatric disease.MethodsAccording to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search on PubMed database (January 1970 to December 2020) was performed. Primary endpoints were driving performance in on-road tests, driving simulator performance, or psychomotor and visual perception functions assessed to estimate fitness to drive according to legal regulations in patient studies.ResultsForty studies were identified (1533 patients, 38% female, median age 45 years), of which more than 60% were cross-sectional and open-label trials. Under steady-state medication, 31% (range 27%–42.5%) of schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients under antipsychotics and 18% (range 16%–20%) of unipolar and bipolar patients under antidepressants showed severe impairment in skills relevant for driving. Data point to an advantage of second-generation antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics as well as modern antidepressants over tricyclic antidepressants with respect to driving. Most patients significantly improved or stabilized in driving skills within 2–4 weeks of treatment with non-sedative or sedative antidepressants. Diazepam significantly worsened driving the first 3 weeks after treatment initiation, whereas medazepam (low dose), temazepam, and zolpidem did not impair driving. In long-term users of sedating antidepressants or benzodiazepines, impairments in on-road tests were not evident.ConclusionThe available evidence suggests that psychopharmacologic medicines improve or at least stabilize driving performance of patients under long-term treatment when given on clinical considerations. To enhance treatment compliance, existing classification systems of medicinal drugs concerning impact on driving performance should also incorporate information about effects of long-term-treatment.

100 Deals associated with Medazepam

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D01292	Medazepam	N05BA03	DB13437

R&D Status

10 top approved records.

to view more data

Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Neurotic Disorders	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	10 May 1971
Psychophysiologic Disorders	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	10 May 1971

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Translational Medicine

Boost your research with our translational medicine data.

view full example data

Deal

Boost your decision using our deal data.

view full example data

Core Patent

Boost your research with our Core Patent data.

view full example data

Clinical Trial

Identify the latest clinical trials across global registries.

view full example data

Approval

Accelerate your research with the latest regulatory approval information.

view full example data

Regulation

Understand key drug designations in just a few clicks with Synapse.

view full example data

Chat with Hiro

Get started for free today!

Accelerate Strategic R&D decision making with Synapse, PatSnap’s AI-powered Connected Innovation Intelligence Platform Built for Life Sciences Professionals.

Start your data trial now!

Synapse data is also accessible to external entities via APIs or data packages. Empower better decisions with the latest in pharmaceutical intelligence.

Bio

Bio Sequences Search & Analysis

Chemical

Chemical Structures Search & Analysis

Medazepam

Overview

Basic Info

Structure

Related

External Link

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Deal

Core Patent

Clinical Trial

Approval

Regulation