In biology, linkers refer to short amino acid sequences found in nature that separate multiple domains in a single protein.

An intron, derived from the term "intragenic region", is a nucleotide sequence within a gene that does not directly code for proteins and does not remain in the final mature mRNA molecule following the gene's transcription.

In a hairpin sequence, the strand loops out and then come back to pair with itself, forming a double helix (the stem) ending in an unpaired loop.

A fusion protein is a protein composed of at least two domains that are encoded by separate genes fused together so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide.

According to the Patsnap Bio Sequence Database, the top 10 applicants for the Vyjuvek patent are Krystal Biotech with 32 applications, Holostem Terapie Avanzate Srl with 6 applications, and FONDATION A DE ROTHSCHILD with 2 applications.

According to the Patsnap Bio Sequence Database, the top 10 applicants for the Keytruda patent are Novartis AG with 438 applications, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. with 350 applications, and Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC with 299 applications.

Exons are coding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are translated into protein.

Enhancers are one type of DNA sequence that has important functions in biology.

According to the Patsnap Bio Sequence Database, the top 10 applicants for the Aflibercept patent are Novartis with 80 applications, Regeneron with 60 applications, and Sanofi with 50 applications.

A cyclopeptide is a type of peptide in which the amino acid sequence forms a cyclic rather than a linear structure.

In biology, conserved sequences refer to molecular sequences with high similarity or identity.

According to the Patsnap Bio Sequence Database, the top 10 applicants for the toripalimab patent are as follows: Shanghai Junshi Biosciences with 52 applications, Cugene with 30 applications, and Guangzhou Zhiyi Biotech with 16 applications. For more applicants, please refer to the image below.