Article
Author: Abilova, Saamay ; Galimberti, Federica ; Cipollone, Francesco ; Halder, Julian ; Singh, Sandra ; Klabnik, Alexander ; Ceska, Richard ; Rodriguez, Eduardo A. Reyes ; Al-Mukhaini, Suad ; Liu, Ziyou ; Meiere, Ruta ; Meshkov, Alexey ; Alici, Gökhan ; Ibrahim, Khairul Shafiq ; Dhamin, Mohammed ; Chattranukulchai, Pairoj ; Sunanta, Usanee ; Lalic, Nebojsa M. ; Repetti, Elena ; Aliosaitiene, Urte ; Muntoni, Sandro ; Yotov, Yoto ; Al-Jumaily, Khalid ; Lalic, Katarina ; Kirschbaum, Anja ; Attilakos, Achilleas ; Ong, Peter ; Yesilbursa, Dilek ; Kasim, Noor Alicezah Mohd ; Atallah, Bassam ; Kadurova, Michaela ; Mombelli, Giuliana ; Alcala, Hector Garcia ; Almada, Jesus R. Holguin ; Martinez, Jose C. Amezcua ; Lorenz, Elke ; Kilic, Salih ; Urbanek, Robin ; Daoud, Ihab ; Watts, Gerald F. ; Greber-Platzer, Susanne ; Xu, Liyuan ; Sibaja, Cristina Martinez ; Kazamel, Ghada ; Fortunato, Giuliana ; Bektasheva, Erkayim ; Paulus, Michael ; Liamis, George ; Cubova, Eva ; Francis, Gordon A. ; Kiouri, Estela ; Rong, Siau Kai ; Lengher, Calin ; Cazares, Hector E. Arriaga ; Gąsior, Mariusz ; Wang, Zhenjia ; Bernard, Sophie ; Guardamagna, Ornella ; Arca, Marcello ; Iannuzzo, Gabriella ; Starostecka, Ewa ; Yildirir, Aylin ; Gaudet, Daniel ; Nussbaumerova, Barbora ; Bartuli, Andrea ; Vrablik, Michal ; Onrat, Ersel ; Abdullaev, Alisher A. ; Kassner, Ursula ; Van de Loo, Iris ; Defesche, J ; Marcucci, Rossella ; Alvarado, Rocio Martinez ; Pisciotta, Livia ; März, Winfried ; D'Erasmo, Laura ; Kilic, Özlem ; Shyong, Tai E ; Mäser, Martin ; Pflederer, Tobias ; Emil, Sameh ; Fras, Zlatko ; Beckerath, Jens von ; Vázquez, Alejandra C. ; Dieplinger, Hans ; Rozhkova, Tatiana ; Banach, Maciej ; Wiegman, Albert ; Dressel, Alexander ; Richter, Veronika ; Salek, Tomas ; Jin, Terrance Chua Siang ; Jie, Marvin Chua Wei ; Sisic, Ibrahim ; Elshorbagy, Amany ; Herrera, Ursulo Juarez ; Höllerl, Florian ; Jóźwiak, Jacek ; Topcu, Selim ; Al-Kindi, Mohammed ; Manla, Yosef ; Pais, Patrícia ; Vural, Mirac ; Kirilmaz, Bahadir ; Giaccari, Andrea ; Nazli, Sukma Azureen ; Suppressa, Patrizia ; Kolovou, Genovefa ; Virtuoso, Maria João ; Klein, Isabel ; Calandra, Sebastiano ; Herrera, Laura G. Gomez ; Sathavarodom, Nattapol ; Innerhofer, Reinhold ; Tomlinson, Brian ; Winhofer-Stöckl, Yvonne ; Löhr, Birgit ; Rega-Kaun, Gersina ; Cepova, Jana ; Jia, Loh Wann ; Corral, Pablo ; Anthanont, Pimjai ; Scholl-Bürgi, Sabine ; Ebenbichler, Christoph ; Sanin, Veronika ; Cefalù, Angelo Baldassare ; Binder, Christoph J. ; Pereira, Alexandre C. ; Ozdogan, Oner ; Sawhney, Jitendra P.S. ; Yilmaz, Mehmet Birhan ; Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna ; Celik, Ahmet ; Katzmann, Julius L ; Solcova, Lucie ; Sivri, Fatih ; Olivier, Christoph B ; Koutagiar, Iosif ; Wang, Luya ; Freiberger, Tomas ; Portano, Julieta D. Morales ; Duplyakov, Dmitry ; Yang, Ya ; Iannuzzi, Arcangelo ; Gonzalez, Jesus R. ; Lin, Jie ; Nagy, András ; Duan, Yanyu ; Batais, Mohammed A ; Petrov, Ivo ; Prodromiadou, Elisavet ; Panayiotou, Andrie G. ; Rehouskova, Katerina ; Nesterovics, Georgijs ; Mosteoru, Svetlana ; Badimon, Lina ; Ramirez, Gabriela A. Galan ; Al-Waili, Khalid ; Vogt, Anja ; Sbrana, Francesco ; Methe, Heiko ; Ezhov, Marat ; Dural, İbrahim Etem ; Pusl, Thomas ; Chong, Mei ; Skudrina, Gunda ; Al-Zadjali, Fahad ; Iatan, Iulia ; Pajkowski, Marcin ; Brice, B C ; Awan, Zuhier ; Nguyen, Mai Ngoc Thi ; Tuncez, Abdullah ; Khudari, Alia ; Pojskic, Belma ; Paquette, Martine ; Nor, Noor Shafina Mohd ; Stróżyk, Aneta ; Skoumas, Ioannis ; Calabrò, Paolo ; Rasulic, Iva ; Buganova, Ingrid ; Zambon, Sabina ; Jambart, Selim ; Coskun, Fatma Yilmaz ; Abdul Hay, Dana ; Villa, Neftali E Antonio ; Kovac, Jernej ; Talviste, Grete ; Tselepis, Alexandros D. ; Chen, Yan ; Viigimaa, Margus ; Zhang, Ruiying ; Valencia, Carla V. Mendez ; Salgado, Jose Miguel ; Skalidis, Emmanouil ; He, Jianxun ; Brandts, Julia ; Bendary, Mohamed ; Al-Barwani, Hamida ; Demircan, Sabri ; El-Hadidy, Amro ; Nagy, Gergely ; Ortega, Ashanty Flores ; Shah, Swarup A. V ; Reiber, István ; Rinaldi, Elisabetta ; Widhalm, Kurt ; Ting, Sharon Pek Li ; Correia, Susana ; Pirro, Matteo ; Koulouri, Anastasia ; Lupi, Alessandro ; Lewek, Joanna ; Olmastroni, Elena ; Wang, Qian ; Yong, Qiang ; Abdul Kadir, Siti Hamimah Sheikh ; Burda, Lukas ; Barkowski, Rasmus ; Lorenz, Babette ; Ejubovic, Malik ; Reiner, Željko ; Voevoda, Mikhail ; Kolovou, Vana ; Yu, Kuznetsova T. ; Garcia, Jose J. Garduño ; Benso, Andrea ; Jiang, Tao ; Wen, Wenhui ; Sisovic, Snezna ; Kim, Andrey R. ; Symeonides, Phivos ; Maslarska, Mariya ; Khadhim, Foad ; Zubieta, Victoria Mendoza ; Yuan, Hui ; Cugalj, Barbara Kern ; Kleemann, Lucas ; Gurevich, Victor ; Kotsis, Vasileios ; Lopez, Humberto Alvares ; Sahin, Tayfun ; Ibrahim, S ; Hamerle, Michael ; Fozilov, Khurshid G. ; Cuevas, Ada ; Ershova, Alexandra ; Hahmann, Harry ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin ; Jordanova, Marta ; Alkhnifsawi, Mutaz ; Laufs, Ulrich ; Krittayaphong, Rungroj ; Vasanwala, Rashida Farhad ; Balinth, Karin ; Blom, D J ; Torkar, Ana Drole ; Garoufi, Anastasia ; Pećin, Ivan ; Mendia, Luis E. Simental ; Michalska-Grzonkowska, Aleksandra ; Li, Yuntao ; Rana, Asim ; Ray, Kausik K. ; Zemmrich, Claudia ; Jablonski, Ksenija Stach ; Hacioglu, Aysa ; Merkel, Martin ; Razali, Rafezah ; Jiamjarasrungsi, Wiroj ; Könemann, Stephanie ; Pehlivanli, Sinan ; Cifkova, Renata ; Hoshimov, Shavkat U. ; Trenti, Chiara ; Peng, Fabian Yap Kok ; Pengpong, Nawarat ; Zenti, Maria Grazia ; Lubasova, Alena ; Baass, Alexis ; Carrillo, Eloy A. Zepeda ; Kutkiene, Sandra ; Moussaoui, Zineb ; Abdul Hamid, Hasidah ; Deerochanawong, Chaicharn ; Sirotiakova, Jana ; Lam, Carolyn ; Cermakova, Lubomira ; Kinsara, Abdulhalim ; Lyons, Alexander R.M. ; Shaposhnik, Igor ; Rasul, Dilshad ; Dominguez, Guadalupe Jimenez ; Partsch, Carl-Joachim ; Kutlu, Merih ; Carrera, Ricardo Allende ; Colaço, Ines ; Sonmez, Alper ; Tamayo, Margarita Torres ; Karányi, Zsolt ; Zacharis, Evangelos ; Rafla, Samir ; Yigit, Zerrin ; Al-Allaf, Faisal ; Yenercag, Mustafa ; Pipolo, Antonio ; Mayer, Florian J. ; Goudev, Assen ; Soska, Vladimir ; Machacova, Sona ; Krieger, Jose E. ; Kayikcioglu, Meral ; Chlebus, Krzysztof ; Khoury, Etienne ; Azzopardi, C. ; Rosolova, Hana ; Anastasiou, Georgia ; Pienkowska, Dominika ; Groselj, Urh ; Seeger, Wolfgang ; Lunegova, Olga ; Säly, Christoph ; Chmara, Magdalena ; Thongtang, Nuntakorn ; Kiatpanabhikul, Phatharaporn ; Portilla, Nacu Caracas ; Sriphrapradang, Chutintorn ; Alieva, Rano B. ; Schäfer, Christoph ; Jabbar, Amer Abdl ; Petkou, Ermioni ; Schatz, Ulrike ; Ganokroj, Poranee ; Stroes, Erik S ; Benczúr, Béla ; Liberopoulos, Evangelos ; Elias-Lopez, Daniel ; Dogan, Volkan ; Akbulut, Mehmet ; Koumaras, Charalambos ; Ghaleb, Youmna ; Qi, Jianguang ; Kan, Liliya E. ; Luqman, Neama ; Susekov, Andrey V. ; Padilla, Francisco G. ; Adamkova, Vera ; Cuellar, Juan C. Garnica ; Sobhy, Mohamed ; Athyros, Vasileios ; Sauque-Reyna, Leobardo ; Fiorenza, Anna Maria ; Podzimkova, Helena ; Prado, Ramon Madriz ; Wasąg, Bartosz ; Maher, Vincent ; Do, Doan Loi ; Shafy, Mohamed Abdoul ; Ferri, Claudio ; Al-Zakwani, Ibrahim ; Reyes, Ximena ; Schirmer, Stephan ; Elfatih, Abubaker ; Debeljak, Marusa ; Alves, Ana Catarina ; Müller-Kozarez, Irina ; de Leon, Laura E. Garcia ; Maroni, Lorenzo ; Ashraf, Dr Mohamed ; Doumas, Michalis ; Reeskamp, L ; Song, Xiantao ; Verma, Ishwar C. ; Rodriguez, Alma B. Medrano ; DellOca, Nicolas ; Umphonsathien, Mongkontida ; Petrulioniene, Zaneta ; Ozer, Savas ; Adjan, Omar ; Huber, Kurt ; Martin, François ; Stulnig, Thomas ; Wu, Yue ; Lima-Martinez, Marcos M. ; Passaro, Angelina ; Aparicio, Berenice Peña ; Meregalli, Giancarla ; Postadzhiyan, Arman ; Carstensen, Avisha ; Osorio, Ma. Ludivina Robles ; Bilianou, Eleni ; Branchi, Adriana ; Lacko, Jan ; Alkaf, Fahmi ; Krychtiuk, Konstantin ; Schunkert, Heribert ; Rosner, Stefanie ; Miserez, André R. ; Villicaña, Ruy D. Arjona ; Bourbon, Mafalda ; Agar, Ruth ; Sperone, Alexandra ; Senthong, Vichai ; Aguilar, Humberto Garcia ; Mlinaric, Matej ; Dharmayat, Kanika I. ; Pujia, Arturo ; Almahmeed, Wael ; Cheng, Shitong ; Vonaskova, Katerina ; Radovic, Mirjana ; Sosnowska, Bozena ; Catapano, Alberico L. ; Anagnostis, Panagiotis ; Birkenfeld, Andreas ; Davletov, Kairat ; Nizamov, Ulugbek I. ; Biolo, Gianni ; Márk, László ; Zemek, Stanislav ; Cibickova, Lubica ; Gonzalez, Perla A. Carrillo ; Rivera, Karina J. Acevedo ; Böll, Gereon ; Tselmin, Sergey ; Budikova, Milena ; Abdul Latif, Ahmad Zubaidi ; Parhofer, Klaus ; Al-Khateeb, Alyaa ; Sobrevilla, Fabiola Lugo ; Medeiros, Ana Margarida ; Porntharukchareon, Thachanun ; Julius, Ulrich ; Frenzke, Lydia ; Ceyhan, Ceyhun ; Rosli, Marshima Mohd ; Jalaludin, Mohd Amin ; Subramaniam, Tavintharan ; Sonntag, Antonia ; Sadiq, Fouzia ; Milionis, Haralambos ; Obaseki, Darlington E. ; Gérard, Anne-Catherine ; Alghamdi, Mohammad ; Zuurbier, L ; Alhabib, Khalid F. ; Dalal, Jamshed J. ; Shipton, Janine L. ; Truong, Thanh-Huong ; Palanova, Vaclava ; Rico, Miguel Toscano ; Tafelmeier, Maria ; Kasim, Sazzli Shahlan ; Tünnemann-Tarr, Adrienn ; Ming, Ian Koh Jan ; Rizos, Christos V. ; Moldovan, Oana ; Drum, Chester Lee ; Ibarra, Manuel O. De los Rios ; Martagon, Alexandro J. ; Al-Sarraf, Ahmad ; Konopka, Agnieszka ; Heide, Maria ; Silva, Francisco ; Pojskic, Lamija ; Muñiz-Grijalvo, Ovidio ; Stroes, Erik ; Ferraro, Chiara ; Radzi, Ahmad Bakhtiar Md ; Mancini, G.B. John ; Rato, Quitéria ; Cooremans, Elizabeth Ramirez ; Chubykina, Uliana ; Sfikas, George ; Leelawattana, Rattana ; Sarzani, Riccardo ; Shek, Aleksandr B. ; Krejsova, Zdenka ; Jiang, Long ; Vargas, Gonzalo Carazo ; Abdul Murad, NorAzian ; Nikolov, Fedya ; Averna, Maurizio ; Talavera, Luis A. Valdez ; Ya, Natalie Koh Si ; Can, Levent Hürkan ; Kongkit, Jaruwan ; Arroyo, Luis E. Vera ; Fuentes, Francisco ; Ye, Pucong ; Al-ageedi, Mohanad ; Mitchenko, Olena ; Abd Muid, Suhaila ; de Isla, Leopoldo Pérez ; Vohnout, Branislav ; Rodriguez, Eduardo Marquez ; Ponde, Chandrashekhar K. ; I-Shing, Justin Tang ; Phimphilai, Mattabhorn ; Demir, Mesut ; Christmann, Jutta ; Schreier, Laura ; Abdul Razak, Suraya ; Aziz, Nazirul ; Zafiraki, Vitaliy ; Wilke, Andreas ; Traina, Mahmoud ; Pecchioli, Valerio ; Cibulka, Roman ; Pilcher, Gillian Joan ; Finkernagel, Holger ; Khovidhunkit, Weerapan ; Ragino, Yulia ; Jin, Darren Seah Ee ; Suraamornkul, Swangjit ; Durakoglugil, Emre ; Al-Nouri, Fahad ; Le, Tan Ju ; Oyervides, Jose C. Morales ; Razman, Aimi Zafira ; Popovic, Ljiljana ; Almigbal, Turky H ; Elbahry, Atef ; Ruel, Isabelle ; Stevens, Christophe A.T. ; Gopon, Alica ; Lia, Salvatore ; Hong, Jing ; Pang, Jing ; Franekova, Jana ; Yamashita, Shizuya ; Kuprat, Gerrit ; Bendary, Ahmed ; Klose, Gerald ; Koschker, Ann-Cathrin ; Ming, Jeremy Hoe Kian ; Krämer, Bernhard ; Fan, Xuesong ; Gedikli, Omer ; Chacon, Roberto Contreras ; Battelino, Tadej ; Sabbour, Hani ; Kamal, Saif ; Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth ; Tilney, Myra ; Le, Thanh Tung ; Ben, Maria Del ; Durak Nalbantic, Azra ; Harada-Shiba, Mariko ; Gilis, Dainus ; Rwaili, Nawal ; Vathesatogkit, Prin ; Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J. ; Araujo, Francisco ; Tanghe, Chloé ; Tisheva, Snejana ; de Moura, Jose Pereira ; Fath, Felix ; Berr, Christina ; Vazquez, Arsenio Vargas ; Antza, Christina ; Kobayashi, Takuya ; Kwok, See ; Roeters van Lennep, Jeanine ; Tichy, Lukas ; Beckerdjian, Raffi ; Vaverkova, Helena ; Latkovskis, Gustavs ; Hegele, Robert A. ; Santos, Raul D. ; Carubbi, Francesca ; Couture, Patrick ; Garcia, Alinna Y. Ruiz ; Marais, A. David ; Keong, Yeo Khung ; Altaradi, Hani ; Sietmann, Tobias ; Gaita, Dan ; Nawawi, Hapizah ; Zazueta, Alejandro Romero ; sian, Tiong Yee ; Bayram, Fahri ; Al-Jarallah, Mohammed ; Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne ; Holven, Kirsten B. ; Pederiva, Cristina ; Abdul Rahman, Thuhairah ; Pavlickova, Lenka ; Koutsogianni, Amalia-Despoina ; Altaey, Mays ; Lobarinhas, Goreti ; Tarugi, Patrizia ; Saripo, Vita ; Federici, Massimo ; Brisson, Diane ; Wang, Xumin ; Tokgozoglu, Lale ; Mandraffino, Giuseppe ; Hovingh, G. Kees ; Pellegatta, Fabio ; Ashavaid, Tester F. ; Dissanayake, Sanjaya ; Blaha, Vladimir ; Abifadel, Marianne ; Piro, Salvatore ; Abdalsahib, Ali Fawzi ; McChord, Johanna ; Fabryova, Lubomira ; Citroni, Nadia ; Baessler, Andrea ; Oguz, Aytekin ; Retana, Gustavo Gonzalez ; Chang, Tan Hong ; Raal, Frederick J. ; Dusejovska, Magdalena ; Palma, Isabel ; Kozárová, Miriam ; Malina, Pavel ; Abdulrasheed, Arshad ; Tziomalos, Konstantinos ; Zhang, Chaoyi ; Schäfer, Sebastian ; Rallidis, Loukianos ; AlQudaimi, Ashraf Hammouda Ahmed ; Valoskova, Katerina ; Kraml, Pavel ; Mehta, Roopa ; Bajnok, László ; Elamin, Omer A ; Suteerayongprasert, Panuwat ; Iughetti, Lorenzo ; Paragh, György ; Spens, Antje ; König, Christel ; Casula, Manuela ; Wolmarans, K H ; Matsuki, Kota ; Qu, Yichen ; Chow, Elaine ; Ferreira-Hermosillo, Aldo ; Erglis, Andrejs ; Wei, Yong Quek ; Nordestgaard, Børge G. ; Su, Ta-Chen ; Purrello, Francesco ; Bahrmann, Philipp ; Speidl, Walter ; Meng, Kang ; Ogura, Masatsune ; König, Wolfgang ; Nastar, Fathima Ashna ; Catapano, Alberico Luigi ; McCrindle, Brian W. ; Schmidt, Christine ; Alonso, Rodrigo ; Wolf, Ulrich ; Andrade, Mario H. Figueroa ; Korneva, Victoria ; Garcia, Anell Hernandez ; Bujdak, Juraj ; Abdullaeva, Guzal J. ; Nagahama, Kumiko ; Brunham, Liam R. ; Saucedo, Juan Rosas ; Demuth, Ilya ; Ayoub, Carine ; Rosman, Azhari ; Yildirim, Aytul Belgi ; AlFil, Sarmad ; Cruz, Jose R. Gomez ; Ildizli, Muge ; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. ; Dumitrescu, Andreea ; Rodriguez, Betsabel ; Hori, Mika ; Liu, Zesen ; Jannes, Cinthia E. ; Harangi, Mariann ; Dalan, Rinkoo ; Raslova, Katarina ; Cruz, Diogo ; Parati, Gianfranco ; Soran, Handrean ; Jug, Borut ; Miahy, Sabah ; Yu, Wei ; Kim, Ngoc Thanh ; Vazquez, Daniel I. Perez ; Siang, Eric Lim Tien ; Biasucci, Giacomo ; Toplak, Hermann ; Vesely, Jiri ; Perica, Dražen ; Macías, Jose J. Ceballos ; Reddy, Lakshmi Lavanya ; Halamkova, Hana ; Jiao, Jian ; Stürzebecher, Paulina ; Temizhan, Ahmet ; Romanowska-Kocejko, Marzena ; Shah, Lahore Saeed Ullah ; Bustillo, Manuel de los Reyes Barrera ; Mala, Sarka ; Werba, Josè Pablo ; Sikonja, Jaka ; Petakov, Ana ; Tillack, Dörthe ; Bielecka-Dabrowa, Agata ; Cevc, Matija ; Stadelmann, Alexander ; Descamps, Olivier S. ; Borghi, Claudio ; Torpongpun, Artit ; Le, Hong An ; Bonanni, Luca ; Benn, Marianne ; Kaewkrasaesin, Chatchon ; Mata, Pedro ; Lindenmeier, Gerd ; Guzman, Berenice Garcia ; Dyrbuś, Krzysztof ; Terauda, Elizabete ; Chua, Yung An ; Al-Rasadi, Khalid ; Isara, Alphonsus ; Sadoh, Wilson E. ; Miserez, Eleonore B. ; Audikovszky, Mária ; Masuda, Daisaku ; Reda, Ashraf ; Alvarez, Jose A. ; Tzvetkov, Ivajlo ; Otte, Britta ; Peng, Jie ; Żarczyńska-Buchowiecka, Marta ; Sanad, Osama ; Sabuncu, Tevfik ; Díaz-Díaz, Jose Luis ; Bergeron, Jean
BACKGROUNDStatins are the cornerstone treatment for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia but research suggests it could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population. A low prevalence of type 2 diabetes was reported in some familial hypercholesterolaemia cohorts, raising the question of whether these patients are protected against type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate the associations of known key determinants of type 2 diabetes with its prevalence in people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.METHODSThis worldwide cross-sectional study used individual-level data from the EAS FHSC registry and included adults older than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia who had data available on age, BMI, and diabetes status. Those with known or suspected homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and type 1 diabetes were excluded. The main outcome was prevalence of type 2 diabetes overall and by WHO region, and in relation to obesity (BMI ≥30·0 kg/m2) and lipid-lowering medication as predictors. The study population was divided into 12 risk categories based on age (tertiles), obesity, and receiving statins, and the risk of type 2 diabetes was investigated using logistic regression.FINDINGSAmong 46 683 adults with individual-level data in the FHSC registry, 24 784 with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were included in the analysis from 44 countries. 19 818 (80%) had a genetically confirmed diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Type 2 diabetes prevalence in the total population was 5·7% (1415 of 24 784), with 4·1% (817 of 19 818) in the genetically diagnosed cohort. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes was observed in the Eastern Mediterranean (58 [29·9%] of 194), South-East Asia and Western Pacific (214 [12·0%] of 1785), and the Americas (166 [8·5%] of 1955) than in Europe (excluding the Netherlands; 527 [8·0%] of 6579). Advancing age, a higher BMI category (obesity and overweight), and use of lipid-lowering medication were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of sex and LDL cholesterol. Among the 12 risk categories, the probability of developing type 2 diabetes was higher in people in the highest risk category (aged 55-98 years, with obesity, and receiving statins; OR 74·42 [95% CI 47·04-117·73]) than in those in the lowest risk category (aged 18-38 years, without obesity, and not receiving statins). Those who did not have obesity, even if they were in the upper age tertile and receiving statins, had lower risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 24·42 [15·57-38·31]). The corresponding results in the genetically diagnosed cohort were OR 65·04 (40·67-104·02) for those with obesity in the highest risk category and OR 20·07 (12·73-31·65) for those without obesity.INTERPRETATIONAdults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in most WHO regions have a higher type 2 diabetes prevalence than in Europe. Obesity markedly increases the risk of diabetes associated with age and use of statins in these patients. Our results suggest that heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia does not protect against type 2 diabetes, hence managing obesity is essential to reduce type 2 diabetes in this patient population.FUNDINGPfizer, Amgen, MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Regeneron.