Elemene

Micromeria biflora, a valuable medicinal herb of the family Lamiaceae, is abundantly present in different regions of Uttarakhand, India.The essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and 99.6 %, 96.2 %, 97.8 %, and 99.0 % of essential oil were identified in the samples from Pithoragarh (MBP), Champawat (MBC), Nainital (MBN) and Almora (MBA), resp.The essential oil composition was significantly affected by locations and altitude, as camphor (61.0 %) was dominant in MBP, β-(E)-caryophyllene was dominant in MBC (32.9 %) and MBA (42.6 %), while germacrene D-4-ol (33.4 %) in MBN.Camphor and germacrene-D-4-ol were identified for the first time in this study.The antioxidant potential was measured by DPPH, ABTS scavenging and metal chelation assays.It was observed that the oil yield and IC₅₀ values were inversely proportional to altitude.M. biflora collected at the lowest altitude (MBP) showed the highest oil yield and significant antioxidant properties, making it a promising source of camphor.In-silico mol. docking along with pass prediction and the Lipinski rule were also analyzed.

This investigation evaluates the valorization of citrus peels (lemon, tangerine, and orange) to recover both on-polar and polar fractions simultaneously. Citrus essential oils, abundant in limonene (74.4-33.7 %), exhibited great antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 2.002 mg/mL) and Campylobacter jejuni halo inhibition (2.9 cm), particularly in tangerine and orange essential oils. The aqueous extracts were rich in quinic and malic acid (10-78.8 g/100 g), along with polyphenols (22.7-5.2 mg/g), such as diosmetin, luteolin, and eriodictyol glycosides. Tangerine's aqueous fraction showed the highest inhibition of oxidative hemolysis (IC₅₀ = 102 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 2.5 mg/mL). Whereas lemon was most effective against lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ = 1.33 mg/mL) and gastric adenocarcinoma proliferation (IG₅₀ = 83 μg/mL). Principal component analysis correlated the in vitro bioactivities with each compound and citrus type, underscoring the potential of citrus peels as a cost-effective, sustainable source of value-added compounds with tailored commercial applications.