Alanylglutamine

Glutamine availability may be reduced in chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced by obesity. Herein, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid metabolism effects of chronic oral glutamine supplementation in its free and dipeptide form were assessed in ob/ob mice. Adult male C57BL/6J ob/ob mice were supplemented with L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP) or free L-glutamine (GLN) in the drinking water for 40 days, whilst C57BL/6J Wild-type lean (WT) and control ob/ob mice (CTRL) received fresh water only. Plasma and tissue (skeletal muscle and liver) glutamine levels, and insulin resistance parameters (e.g., GTT, ITT, insulin) were determined. Oxidative stress (e.g., GSH system, Nrf2 translocation), inflammatory (e.g., NFkB translocation, TNF-α gene expression) and lipid metabolism parameters (e.g., plasma and liver triglyceride levels, SRBP-1, FAS, ACC, and ChRBP gene expression) were also analyzed. CTRL ob/ob mice showed lower glutamine levels in plasma and tissue, as well as increased insulin resistance and fat in the liver. Conversely, chronic DIP supplementation restored glutamine levels in plasma and tissues, improved glucose homeostasis and reduced plasma and liver lipid levels. Also, Nrf2 restoration, reduced NFkB translocation, and lower TNF-α gene expression was observed in the DIP group. Interestingly, chronic free GLN only increased muscle glutamine stores but reduced overall insulin resistance, and attenuated plasma and liver lipid metabolic biomarkers. The results presented herein indicate that restoration of body glutamine levels reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in obese and T2DM ob/ob mice. This effect attenuated hepatic lipid metabolic changes observed in obesity.