Deoxyspergualin hydrochloride

Pemphigus is a chronic potentially fatal autoimmune bullous disorder. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are the two common subtypes. PV is the most common and aggressive type characterized by oral mucosal erosions and cutaneous lesions. PF presents with blisters on the scalp, face, and upper trunk, and spares the mucosae. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) is the gold standard for diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an emerging alternate diagnostic tool. In this study, our objectives were to identify the staining patterns of desmoglein 1 (dsg 1) and desmoglein 3 (dsg 3) IHC and to correlate the same with autoantibody levels and clinical severity in patients with PV and PF.

Forty‐nine clinically, histologically, and DIF‐confirmed cases of pemphigus were included in the study. The IHC patterns were scored from 0 to 3+ with 3+ dsg 1 IHC exhibiting intense membranous staining in the upper layers of the epidermis and 3+ dsg 3 IHC showing intense basal layer staining. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti‐dsg 1 and 3 antibodies was performed in 38 cases where serum samples were available. The pemphigus disease activity index system was utilized for clinical scoring.

A 0 to 1+ score was observed for dsg 1 IHC in 100% of PF cases. A score of 0 to 1+ was observed for dsg 3 IHC in 97.3% of PV cases. One hundred percent of cases with PF and 83.9% of patients with PV tested positive for ELISA anti‐dsg 1 and 3 antibody titers, respectively. Anti‐dsg 1 and 3 ELISA titers significantly correlated with the dsg 1 and dsg 3 IHC scores. The mucosal scores showed a significant association with both dsg 1 and 3 IHC (p < 0.001). The cutaneous scores showed a significant association with the dsg 3 IHC (p < 0.001).

The IHC patterns for dsg 1 and 3 proved reliable in giving concordant results with the ELISA antibody titers and clinical severity.

In the Chilean salmon farming industry, infection by Piscirickettsia salmonis is the primary cause of the main bacterial disease known as Piscirickettsiosis, which has an overwhelming economic impact. Although it has been demonstrated that Piscirickettsiosis modifies the expression of numerous salmonids genes, it is yet unknown how alternative splicing (AS) contributes to salmonids bacterial infection. AS, has the potential to create heterogeneity at the protein and RNA levels and has been associated as a relevant molecular mechanism in the immune response of eukaryotes to several diseases. In this study, we used RNA data to survey P. salmonis-induced modifications in the AS of Atlantic salmon and found that P. salmonis infection promoted a substantial number (158,668) of AS events. Differentially spliced genes (DSG) sensitive to Piscirickettsiosis were predominantly enriched in genes involved in RNA processing, splicing and spliceosome processes (e.g., hnRNPm, hnRPc, SRSF7, SRSF45), whereas among the DSG of resistant and susceptible to Piscirickettsiosis, several metabolic and immune processes were found, most notably associated to the regulation of GTPase, lysosome and telomere organization-maintenance. Furthermore, we found that DSG were mostly not differentially expressed (5-7 %) and were implicated in distinct biological pathways. Therefore, our results underpin AS achieving a significant regulatory performance in the response of salmonids to Piscirickettsiosis.