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Last update 05 Apr 2025

Nalidixic Acid

Last update 05 Apr 2025

Overview

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid

+ [8]

Target

Bacterial DNA gyrase x Bacterial top IV

Action

inhibitors

Mechanism

Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors(Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors), Bacterial top IV inhibitors(Bacterial topoisomerase IV inhibitors)

Therapeutic Areas

Infectious DiseasesUrogenital Diseases

Active Indication

Urinary Tract Infections

Inactive Indication-

Originator Organization

Sanofi

Active Organization

Shandong Boshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Inactive Organization

Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

United States (06 Mar 1964),

Urinary Tract Infections

Regulation-

Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC12H12N2O3

InChIKeyMHWLWQUZZRMNGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Registry389-08-2

100 Clinical Results associated with Nalidixic Acid

100 Translational Medicine associated with Nalidixic Acid

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid

16,684

Literatures (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid

01 Aug 2025·COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

Nalidixic acid inhibits the aggregation of HSA: Utilizing the molecular simulations to uncover the detailed insights

Article

Author: Anwer, Razique ; Alrehaili, Jihad ; Qais, Faizan Abul

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's lead to the gradual decline of the nervous system, resulting in cognitive and motor impairments. With an aging population, the prevalence and associated healthcare costs are anticipated to rise. Misfolded protein aggregates are central to these diseases, disrupting cellular function and causing neuronal death. Preventing these toxic aggregates could preserve neurons and slow disease progression. Understanding how to inhibit protein aggregation is crucial for developing effective treatments. We explored the effect of nalidixic acid (NA) on protein aggregation using human serum albumin (HSA) as model protein. In vitro assays demonstrated that NA significantly reduced ThT fluorescence by 47.10 % and decreased turbidity by 63.07 %. NA also protected the protein's hydrophobic surfaces. The α-helical content of HSA dropped from 56.23 % to 11.43 % but was restored to 38.53 % with NA. We then utilized advanced molecular simulations to understand the kinetics and mechanism of aggregation inhibition by NA. Binding studies showed that NA attaches to HSA's subdomain IIA with a binding energy of -7.8 kcal/mol through hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Molecular simulations confirmed the stability of HSA-NA complex. Additionally, NA increased solvent accessibility of HSA_282-292 oligomers, reduced hydrogen bonding, and prevented β-sheet formation. Compared to existing anti-aggregation strategies, NA offers a promising alternative with its potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases by stabilizing protein structures and preventing misfolding. These findings highlight NA's potential as a candidate for inhibiting protein aggregation and offer insights for therapeutic approaches. Further experimental studies utilizing in vivo models are needed to validate the anti-aggregation potential of NA.

01 Jun 2025·One Health

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, resistance and virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Review

Author: Lin, Zijie ; Qin, Xiaojie ; Jia, Kai ; Xu, Biyao ; Liu, Yangtai ; Cai, Hua ; Li, Zhao ; Wang, Xiang ; Dong, Qingli

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is recognized as a serious food contaminant that extensively results in foodborne diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni, but there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of published data. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, antibiotic resistance, and virulence determinants of C. jejuni in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence levels of C. jejuni from low to high were the humans (5.2 %, 95 % CI: 4.2-6.4 %), foods (12.5 %, 95 % CI: 9.7-15.6 %), animals (15.4 %, 95 % CI: 13.2-17.6 %), and environment (17.8 %, 95 % CI: 9.7-27.7 %), respectively. Furthermore, C. jejuni exhibits high resistance rates to antibiotics such as cefoperazone, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefradine, and tetracycline. The overall multi-drug resistance rate (MDR) of C. jejuni was 72.8 % (95 % CI: 62.4-82.2 %), indicating a serious problem with MDR. The resistance of C. jejuni to most antibiotics has increased in the last 20 years. Among the main resistance determinants of C. jejuni, gyrA_T86I and tet(O) had a higher pooled prevalence of 94.8 % (95 % CI: 88.7-99.0 %) and 79.0 % (95 % CI: 66.9-89.2 %), respectively. Furthermore, the high prevalence of virulence-related genes was shown in C. jejuni, such as adhesion (cadF, racR), invasion (ciaB, iamA, ceuE), and toxin (cdtB, cdtC). In summary, C. jejuni has a high prevalence with regional characteristics, and antibiotic resistance of this bacterium especially animal sources remains a serious problem in China. Comprehensive monitoring and control measures for this pathogen are urgently needed to ensure food safety and public health.

01 Jun 2025·FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

Isolation and characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 variants with increased resistance to different stressing agents and food processing technologies

Article

Author: Nadal, L ; Mañas, P ; Halaihel, N ; Cebrián, G ; Guillén, S

In this study, resistant variants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 to different stressors were selected. In addition, a genetic and phenotypic study was performed to explore the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of resistance. We isolated 4 variants with increased stable resistance to acid, osmotic stress, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and Ultraviolet-C light (UV-C) after repeated rounds of exposure to these agents and outgrowth of survivors. A PEF-resistant variant (SL1344-RS), previously isolated by Sagarzazu et al. (2013), was also included in the analysis. The results indicated that the isolated variants showed resistance to at least one other agent. This increased resistance, in general terms, had a fitness cost in growth, and exerted a variable impact on virulence (mainly in cell adhesion capacity), increased antibiotic resistance but did not influence in biofilm formation capacity. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis allowed us to identify the genetic changes responsible for these phenotypic differences, and revealed that in 3 out of the 5 variants (including SL1344-RS) a mutation was found in hnr gene, an anti-sigma factor that promotes RpoS proteolysis. Hence the expression of several rpoS-regulated genes was quantified and found higher in these variants. This increase in RpoS activity would explain the lower growth rates observed in these 3 variants, as it would lead to increased transcription of genes involved in growth arrest and resistance to various types of stress. However, further analysis of a set of 22 additional Salmonella strains obtained from different culture collections indicated that a direct relationship between RpoS activity and stress resistance might not exist within Salmonella.

News (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid

09 Sep 2024

·www.drugs.com

Salmonella Tied to Eggs Sickens 65 in Nine States

MONDAY, Sept. 9, 2024 -- At least 65 people in nine states have been sickened in a salmonella outbreak linked to recalled eggs, U.S. health officials report. "The nine states include the three states where the eggs were sold -- Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin -- in addition to California, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Utah and Virginia," the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a food safety alert issued on the outbreak. "Most sick people are from Wisconsin [42 cases] or Illinois [11]." Of 63 cases with information available, 24 have been hospitalized but none have died. Importantly, lab tests have shown the bacteria is resistant to the antibiotics nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, which could make treating the infections tricky, the CDC added. Other antibiotics might be needed in those cases. The potentially contaminated eggs, which were labeled Tony's Fresh Market, have now been recalled due to salmonella contamination. The eggs were supplied by Milo’s Poultry Farms LLC in Bonduel, Wisc., and shipped to stores and restaurants in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, the CDC said. The recalled eggs should be thrown away or returned to the store. People should wash any items and surfaces that may have touched the recalled eggs with hot, soapy water or a dishwasher, the agency advised. Salmonella infection can trigger diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can begin within hours or days of consuming the bacteria, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Most people will recover without antibiotics, but they should see a health care provider if they have severe symptoms, symptoms that don’t improve after a few days or signs of dehydration. Children, elderly people and those with weakened immune systems are more likely to become severely ill, the CDC noted. Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.

09 Feb 2021

·www.globenewswire.com

Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Markets, 2020-2027 - Market for Penicillin and Combination Drugs Segment to Grow at Highest Rate

Dublin, Feb. 09, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Drug Class, Indication, Distribution Channel, and Geography" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. Market for Penicillin and Combination Drugs Segment to Grow at Highest CAGR during 2020-2027. The market is expected to reach US$ 11,614.32 million by 2027 from US$ 9,106.40 million in 2019; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2020 to 2027. The growth of the market is attributed to the growing prevalence of urinary tract infections, aging population, and emerging computing technologies for urine diagnostics. However, the lack of product awareness in emerging countries and effects associated with medication obstruct the growth of the market to a certain extent. Based on drug class, the quinolones segment held the largest share of the market in 2019; however, the penicillin and combination segment is anticipated to register the highest CAGR of 4.5% in the market during the forecast period. The future growth of the market for quinolones is mainly ascribed to the fact that it is most commonly prescribed by physicians. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and enoxacin are among the most widely used drugs for treatment. R& D in UTI treatment is expected to offer lucrative growth opportunities to the players in the global urinary tract infection treatment market. For instance, in July 2018, Lupin received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for generic Nitrofurantoin capsules. It is a generic version of Macrodantin offered by Alvogen Malta Operations Ltd. It is used to treat UTI caused by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, etc. Further, in February 2020, a France-based pharmaceutical company announced Exblifep, a combination of a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor, enmetazobactam, and cefepime. i.e., the fourth-generation cephalosporin, which achieved primary endpoints in a clinical trial for complicated UTIs. Moreover, in July 2019, Healthy.io, a smartphone camera-based solutions developer, announced an agreement with Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. placing Healthy.io's Dip UTI test kits in boots pharmacies throughout the UK. Additionally, in May 2020, Spero Therapeutics, Inc. announced the completion of patient enrollment in its Phase 3 clinical trial, ADAPT-PO, of tebipenem HBr to treat complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) and acute pyelonephritis (AP). In July 2019, the US FDA approved Recarbrio drug to treat cUTI and complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults. In June 2018, Achaogen, Inc. received the US FDA approval for ZEMDRI to treat cUTIs in adults. In November 2018, Allergan, announced the launch of the FDA accepted supplemental drug AVYCAZ to treat cUTIs and complicated intra-abdominal infections patients between the age group of 3 months to 18 years. Applying such strategic measures can be lucrative for the urinary tract infection treatment market during the forecast period. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Mylan N.V., ALLERGAN, Pfizer Inc., Cipla Ltd, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Shionogi Inc., Amway, and DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences are among the leading companies in the urinary tract infection treatment market. Key Topics Covered: 1. Introduction 2. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Key Takeaways 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Coverage 3.2 Secondary Research 3.3 Primary Research 4. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Market Landscape 4.1 Overview 4.2 PEST Analysis 4.3 Expert Opinion 5. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Key Market Dynamics 5.1 Market Drivers 5.1.1 Growing Urinary Tract Infections 5.1.2 Aging Population 5.1.3 Emerging Computing Technologies for Urine Diagnostics 5.2 Market Restraints 5.2.1 Associated Effects of Medication 5.3 Market Opportunities 5.3.1 R&D in UTI Treatment 5.4 Future Trends 5.4.1 Nutritional Supplement in UTI 6. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Global Analysis 6.1 Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Forecast and Analysis 6.2 Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market, By Geography - Forecast and Analysis 6.3 Market Positioning of Key Players 7. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Drug Class 7.1 Overview 7.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Drug Class (2019 and 2027) 7.3 Penicillin and Combinations 7.3.1 Overview 7.3.2 Penicillin and Combinations: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million) 7.3.3 Amoxicillin 7.3.4 Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium 7.4 Quinolones 7.4.1 Overview 7.4.2 Quinolones: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million) 7.4.3 Ciprofloxaxin 7.4.4 Levofloxaxin 7.4.5 Nalidixic Acid 7.4.6 Norfloxacin 7.4.7 Others 7.5 Cephalosporin 7.6 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 7.7 Sulphonamides 7.8 Nutritional Supplements 7.8.1 Overview 7.8.2 Nutritional Supplements: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million) 7.8.3 Cranberry Supplements 7.8.4 D-Mannose 7.8.5 Probiotics 7.8.6 Vitamin-C 8. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Indication 8.1 Overview 8.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Indication (2019 and 2027) 8.3 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections 8.4 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections 9. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Distribution Channel 9.1 Overview 9.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Distribution Channel (2019 and 2027) 9.3 Hospital Pharmacies 9.4 Retail Pharmacies & Drug Stores 9.5 Gynaecology and Urology Clinics 9.6 Online Drug Stores 10. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Geographic Analysis 11. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market 12. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market-Industry Landscape Companies Mentioned Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd Mylan N.V. ALLERGAN Pfizer Inc. Cipla Ltd F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Shionogi Inc. Amway DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences For more information about this report visit CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com Laura Wood, Senior Press Manager press@researchandmarkets.com For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470 For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630 For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900

Collaborate

100 Deals associated with Nalidixic Acid

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00183	Nalidixic Acid	J01MB02	DB00779

R&D Status

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Urinary Tract Infections	United States	Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC	06 Mar 1964

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


AAAAI2010	Not Applicable	Hypersensitivity	-	Quinolones (Anaphylaxis patients)	jqrinxznvg(daoetwryel) = fqeqicquws fyguhkbbij (kdsvjmyqdo )	Positive	01 Feb 2010
				Quinolones (Urticaria patients)	jqrinxznvg(daoetwryel) = bkjpqudyzk fyguhkbbij (kdsvjmyqdo )

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