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Last update 23 Oct 2026
Nalidixic Acid
Last update 23 Oct 2026
Overview
Basic Info
Drug Type Small molecule drug |
Synonyms 1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid + [8] |
Action inhibitors |
Mechanism Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors(Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors), Bacterial top IV inhibitors(Bacterial topoisomerase IV inhibitors) |
Therapeutic Areas |
Active Indication |
Inactive Indication- |
Originator Organization |
Active Organization |
Inactive Organization |
License Organization- |
Drug Highest PhaseApproved |
First Approval Date United States (06 Mar 1964), |
Regulation- |
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Structure/Sequence
Molecular FormulaC12H12N2O3 |
InChIKeyMHWLWQUZZRMNGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
CAS Registry389-08-2 |
Related
100 Clinical Results associated with Nalidixic Acid
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100 Translational Medicine associated with Nalidixic Acid
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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid
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10,387
Literatures (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid01 Dec 2026·Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of
Shigella
spp. and Assessed Their Pathogenic Potential Using the
Caenorhabditis elegans
Infection Model Associated with Acute Diarrheal Patients in Tangail, Bangladesh
Article
Author: Sakib, Nazmus ; Zohora, Fatama Tous ; Shibly, Abu Zaffar ; Somadder, Pratul Dipta ; Ahmed, Parvez ; Kar, Antora ; Rahman, Md Masuder ; Dutta, Amit
Shigella
infection is a leading cause of diarrheal diseases, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, data on
Shigella
prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns remained limited. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of
Shigella
among patients with acute diarrhea at Tangail Medical College and Hospital, Tangail, Bangladesh, and to analyze the serogroup distribution and AMR profiles of the isolated strains. Stool samples from 96 patients with diarrhea were collected from May 2018 to December 2018 and tested for
Shigella
using biochemical, molecular, and serotyping methods. The isolates were further examined for antibiotic resistance. In addition, pathogenicity of
Shigella
spp. was assessed using
Caenorhabditis elegans
in a solid agar infection assay. Of the total participants, 28.1% were
Shigella
-positive by culture, while 5.2% and 4.15% were positive by molecular and serotyping methods, respectively. All
Shigella
isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to common antibiotics.
Shigella flexneri
isolates exhibited high resistance for nalidixic acid only among the tested antibiotics.
Shigella dysenteriae
was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid, while
Shigella boydii
showed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and nalidixic acid. However, no resistance was observed to azithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. In the pathogenicity assay, a significant difference in survival was observed in
C. elegans
infected with
Shigella
spp. compared with the control group.
S. dysenteriae
exhibited the highest pathogenicity, with only 21.6% survival of
C. elegans
after 12 h postinfection, while
S. boydii
and
S. flexneri
exhibited 27.47% and 35.55% survival, respectively. This study highlights the importance of regular surveillance of
Shigella
prevalence and AMR patterns in Bangladesh. Furthermore, exploring genomic epidemiology and alternative treatments for
Shigella
infections is crucial in combating its spread and resistance in Bangladesh.
01 Dec 2026·POULTRY SCIENCE
Resistance, virulence, and population genomic structure of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from poultry airsacculitis in South Africa
Article
Author: Perreten, Vincent ; Wang, Zhuohao ; Gerber, David ; Guthauser, Naima Ameris
A total of 109 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were isolated from poultry with airsacculitis in 21 different farms in South Africa between June 2021 and January 2022. All isolates were sequenced using Illumina technology and one representative strain from each detected sequence type (ST) was sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology (ONT) to obtain complete genomes for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Whole genome sequences (WGS) were used for molecular serotyping, sequence typing, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes detection, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST)-based phylogeny, and cgSNP. The MICs of 15 antibiotics were tested by broth microdilution. A total of 21 serotypes and 18 STs were detected, with O78:H4-ST117 (n=29), O36:H5-ST5764 (n=10), and O78:H4-ST15549 (n=9) being the most common. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that some strains within the same serotype-ST combinations were genetically closely related (<20 cgSNPs) and were isolated within the same farm and across different farms. Each serotype-ST combination exhibited specific virulence and resistance profiles. Of 172 genes covering 51 virulence factors identified, 15 of them were shared by all strains. Resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim was most frequent, each occurring in over 50% of the strains. Multidrug resistance to 3-9 antimicrobials was observed in 58.7% of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance phenotype was associated with the presence of acquired resistance genes and mutations. This study provided an in-depth WGS-based characterization of genomic features revealing a high number of different virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, also highlighting a possible vertical and horizontal transmission of several APEC lineages in the poultry chain in South Africa.
01 Dec 2026·MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS
Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of hybrid enteroaggregative/uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection
Article
Author: Mohammadi, Mohsen ; Taghipour, Amirhossein ; Halaji, Mehrdad ; Sorkhi, Hadi ; Ghasemian, Zahra
BACKGROUND:
Hybrid EAEC/UPEC Escherichia coli strains are emerging uropathogens that combine intestinal and extraintestinal virulence traits through horizontal gene transfer. Although relatively uncommon, these hybrids exhibit strong biofilm formation, enhanced epithelial adherence, and notable antimicrobial resistance, underscoring the need for detailed molecular characterization and epidemiological assessment. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of hybrid EAEC/UPEC isolates among E. coli recovered from patients with urinary tract infections and to characterize their lineage using PCR-based sequence type screening, phylogenetic grouping, and antibiotic resistance profiling.
METHODS:
This study analyzed 199 archived E. coli isolates from UTI patients, assessing antimicrobial resistance, ESBL production, and virulence genes. PCR was used to characterize their lineage using PCR-based sequence type screening and phylogenetic grouping.
RESULTS:
Analysis of 199 isolates identified 17 EAEC/UPEC hybrids (8.5%), predominantly from female patients and children. All hybrids carried aatA, fyuA, and fimH, with variable presence of aap, aggR, and chuA. High resistance rates were observed, with 94.1% classified as MDR and 47.1% as ESBL producers. blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and qnrS were the main resistance genes detected. Serogrouping identified O25 as the predominant serogroup. Serogrouping showed O25 as the predominant serotype, while phylogroup B2 and sequence type ST131 were most common among hybrids.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study identified 8.5% of urinary E. coli isolates as hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains. High multidrug resistance, particularly to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and cefotaxime, underscores major therapeutic challenges. These findings highlight the clinical importance of emerging hybrid pathotypes and the need for strengthened molecular surveillance.
2
News (Medical) associated with Nalidixic Acid09 Sep 2024
MONDAY, Sept. 9, 2024 -- At least 65 people in nine states have been sickened in a salmonella outbreak linked to recalled eggs, U.S. health officials report.
"The nine states include the three states where the eggs were sold -- Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin -- in addition to California, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Utah and Virginia," the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a
food safety alert
issued on the outbreak. "Most sick people are from Wisconsin [42 cases] or Illinois [11]."
Of 63 cases with information available, 24 have been hospitalized but none have died. Importantly, lab tests have shown the bacteria is resistant to the antibiotics
nalidixic acid
and
ciprofloxacin,
which could make treating the infections tricky, the CDC added. Other
antibiotics
might be needed in those cases.
The potentially contaminated eggs, which were labeled Tony's Fresh Market, have now been recalled due to salmonella contamination. The eggs were supplied by Milo’s Poultry Farms LLC in Bonduel, Wisc., and shipped to stores and restaurants in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, the CDC said.
The recalled eggs should be thrown away or returned to the store. People should wash any items and surfaces that may have touched the recalled eggs with hot, soapy water or a dishwasher, the agency advised.
Salmonella infection can trigger diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can begin within hours or days of consuming the bacteria, according to the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
. Most people will recover without antibiotics, but they should see a health care provider if they have severe symptoms, symptoms that don’t improve after a few days or signs of dehydration.
Children, elderly people and those with weakened immune systems are more likely to become severely ill, the CDC noted.
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09 Feb 2021
Dublin, Feb. 09, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Drug Class, Indication, Distribution Channel, and Geography" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
Market for Penicillin and Combination Drugs Segment to Grow at Highest CAGR during 2020-2027.
The market is expected to reach US$ 11,614.32 million by 2027 from US$ 9,106.40 million in 2019; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2020 to 2027.
The growth of the market is attributed to the growing prevalence of urinary tract infections, aging population, and emerging computing technologies for urine diagnostics. However, the lack of product awareness in emerging countries and effects associated with medication obstruct the growth of the market to a certain extent.
Based on drug class, the quinolones segment held the largest share of the market in 2019; however, the penicillin and combination segment is anticipated to register the highest CAGR of 4.5% in the market during the forecast period. The future growth of the market for quinolones is mainly ascribed to the fact that it is most commonly prescribed by physicians. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and enoxacin are among the most widely used drugs for treatment.
R& D in UTI treatment is expected to offer lucrative growth opportunities to the players in the global urinary tract infection treatment market. For instance, in July 2018, Lupin received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for generic Nitrofurantoin capsules. It is a generic version of Macrodantin offered by Alvogen Malta Operations Ltd. It is used to treat UTI caused by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, etc.
Further, in February 2020, a France-based pharmaceutical company announced Exblifep, a combination of a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor, enmetazobactam, and cefepime. i.e., the fourth-generation cephalosporin, which achieved primary endpoints in a clinical trial for complicated UTIs. Moreover, in July 2019, Healthy.io, a smartphone camera-based solutions developer, announced an agreement with Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. placing Healthy.io's Dip UTI test kits in boots pharmacies throughout the UK.
Additionally, in May 2020, Spero Therapeutics, Inc. announced the completion of patient enrollment in its Phase 3 clinical trial, ADAPT-PO, of tebipenem HBr to treat complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) and acute pyelonephritis (AP). In July 2019, the US FDA approved Recarbrio drug to treat cUTI and complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults. In June 2018, Achaogen, Inc. received the US FDA approval for ZEMDRI to treat cUTIs in adults.
In November 2018, Allergan, announced the launch of the FDA accepted supplemental drug AVYCAZ to treat cUTIs and complicated intra-abdominal infections patients between the age group of 3 months to 18 years. Applying such strategic measures can be lucrative for the urinary tract infection treatment market during the forecast period.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Mylan N.V., ALLERGAN, Pfizer Inc., Cipla Ltd, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Shionogi Inc., Amway, and DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences are among the leading companies in the urinary tract infection treatment market.
Key Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Key Takeaways
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Market Landscape
4.1 Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.3 Expert Opinion
5. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Key Market Dynamics
5.1 Market Drivers
5.1.1 Growing Urinary Tract Infections
5.1.2 Aging Population
5.1.3 Emerging Computing Technologies for Urine Diagnostics
5.2 Market Restraints
5.2.1 Associated Effects of Medication
5.3 Market Opportunities
5.3.1 R&D in UTI Treatment
5.4 Future Trends
5.4.1 Nutritional Supplement in UTI
6. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Global Analysis
6.1 Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Forecast and Analysis
6.2 Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market, By Geography - Forecast and Analysis
6.3 Market Positioning of Key Players
7. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Drug Class
7.1 Overview
7.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Drug Class (2019 and 2027)
7.3 Penicillin and Combinations
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Penicillin and Combinations: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
7.3.3 Amoxicillin
7.3.4 Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium
7.4 Quinolones
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Quinolones: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
7.4.3 Ciprofloxaxin
7.4.4 Levofloxaxin
7.4.5 Nalidixic Acid
7.4.6 Norfloxacin
7.4.7 Others
7.5 Cephalosporin
7.6 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
7.7 Sulphonamides
7.8 Nutritional Supplements
7.8.1 Overview
7.8.2 Nutritional Supplements: Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Million)
7.8.3 Cranberry Supplements
7.8.4 D-Mannose
7.8.5 Probiotics
7.8.6 Vitamin-C
8. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Indication
8.1 Overview
8.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Indication (2019 and 2027)
8.3 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections
8.4 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
9. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Analysis - By Distribution Channel
9.1 Overview
9.2 Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market Revenue Share, by Distribution Channel (2019 and 2027)
9.3 Hospital Pharmacies
9.4 Retail Pharmacies & Drug Stores
9.5 Gynaecology and Urology Clinics
9.6 Online Drug Stores
10. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market - Geographic Analysis
11. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market
12. Urinary Tract Infection Treatment Market-Industry Landscape
Companies Mentioned
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
Mylan N.V.
ALLERGAN
Pfizer Inc.
Cipla Ltd
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
Shionogi Inc.
Amway
DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences
For more information about this report visit
CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com Laura Wood, Senior Press Manager press@researchandmarkets.com For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470 For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630 For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900
Collaborate
100 Deals associated with Nalidixic Acid
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External Link
| KEGG | Wiki | ATC | Drug Bank |
|---|---|---|---|
| D00183 | Nalidixic Acid |
R&D Status
10 top approved records. to view more data
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| Indication | Country/Location | Organization | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary Tract Infections | United States | 06 Mar 1964 |
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Clinical Result
Clinical Result
Indication
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Evaluation
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| Study | Phase | Population | Analyzed Enrollment | Group | Results | Evaluation | Publication Date |
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