To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of chlorzoxazone in comparison to orphenadrine Citrate in relieving the orofacial pain in bruxers. Subjects and Methods: 60 patients above 15-years old complaining of orofacial and temporomandibular disorder/pain, with no history of chronic systemic illness, will be recruited. Patients will randomly be allocated into two groups (n=30): the first group will receive Relaxon (chlorzoxazone) twice daily for two weeks, while the second group will receive Norgesic (orphenadrine Citrate) twice daily for two weeks as well. Pain severity will be assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at day 0, 7, and day 14. In addition, a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) evaluation form will be utilized to assess the TMJ parameters before and after initiation of the treatment protocol, i.e at 0 and 14 days. Non parametric statistical analysis will be conducted to explain the results using SPSS V29.

Start Date22 Jul 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of Baghdad

CTRI/2025/04/085094

/ Active, not recruitingPhase 4

A Randomized, Multicenter, Comparative, Open label, Phase-IV study to evaluate safety and efficacy of the 3-Drug-Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Paracetamol 325 mg, Chlorzoxazone 250 mg and Aceclofenac 100 mg in comparison with Paracetamol 325 mg and Aceclofenac 100 mg Tablet administered BID in adult patients with Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Associated with Spasm. - Nil

Start Date28 Apr 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator-

CTRI/2024/10/074848

/ RecruitingPhase 4

A Phase IV Open Label Randomised Multi Centric Prospective Parallel Active Controlled Comparative Clinical trial to assess the Efficacy and Safety of Fixed Dose Combination of Diclofenac Sodium IP 50 mg as enteric coated granules Paracetamol IP 325 mg and Chlorzoxazone USP 250 mg uncoated tablet LOBAK of Geno Pharmaceuticals Private Limited compared to Fixed Dose Combination of Diclofenac sodium IP 50 mg as enteric coated granules and Paracetamol IP 325 mg uncoated tablet DICLOMOL of Win Medicare Private Limited in patients with Acute Musculoskeletal Spasm - NIL

Start Date21 Oct 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Geno Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd.

100 Clinical Results associated with Chlorzoxazone

100 Translational Medicine associated with Chlorzoxazone

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Chlorzoxazone

1,155

Literatures (Medical) associated with Chlorzoxazone

01 Dec 2026·Clinical Proteomics

IL3RA identified as novel biomarker and therapeutic target for ER+ breast cancer through plasma proteome-wide mendelian randomization and TCGA database analysis

Article

Author: Chang, Lei ; Zhang, Zehan ; Lu, Wenping ; Song, Qingya ; Li, Feng ; Mei, Heting ; Jiang, Nan

BACKGROUND:

Estrogen receptor-positive (ER⁺) breast cancer, a leading cause of female cancer mortality, faces therapeutic challenges due to endocrine resistance. Plasma proteins, bridging genetic variation and disease phenotypes, offer potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, yet their causal roles in the pathogenesis of ER⁺ breast cancer remain underexplored.

METHODS:

Using two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) and Bayesian colocalization, we analyzed associations between plasma protein quantitative trait loci from deCODE/Fenland cohorts and ER⁺ breast cancer. DSigDB predicted drugs targeting identified protein, while TCGA assessed the prognostic value.

RESULTS:

TSMR identified 38 causal plasma proteins (deCODE), with Bayesian analysis prioritizing 12 candidates. IL3RA emerged as stable and novel protective factor, validated in Fenland data. TCGA revealed reduced IL3RA expression in ER⁺ tumors, with higher levels correlating with improved survival and favorable clinicopathological features, particularly in ER⁺/PR⁺ cases. Tumor microenvironment analysis revealed that IL3RA expression levels significantly correlated with immune landscape alterations in ER⁺ breast cancer. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated significant associations between IL3RA expression levels and multiple immune cell populations in ER⁺ breast cancer, particularly CD8⁺ T cells, neutrophils, M0 macrophages, and M2 macrophages. DSigDB identified panobinostat, arbutin, clindamycin, cimetidine, and chlorzoxazone as IL3RA-targeting drugs.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study identified IL3RA as novel biomarker and therapeutic target for ER⁺ breast cancer. Further validation and mechanistic studies are warranted to advance precision oncology strategies for ER⁺ breast cancer management.

01 Aug 2026·Journal of Huntingtons Disease

Alleviation of cerebellar impairment, cognitive decline, and depression by a chlorzoxazone-folic acid combination in a Huntington's disease transgenic mouse model

Article

Author: Marinina, Ksenia S ; Egorova, Polina A ; Bezprozvanny, Ilya B ; Malkova, Daria S

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative condition, passed down in an autosomal dominant manner, characterized by the gradual decline of motor functions, such as chorea, along with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive deterioration. In HD, the striatum is the main area impacted, although cerebellar atrophy has also been observed independently of striatal degeneration. Consequently, HD patients may exhibit symptoms consistent with cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) due to cerebellar involvement. CCAS manifestations have been noted in various rodent models of motor dysfunctions linked to cerebellar atrophy. Previous research has identified anxiety, memory deficits, and depressive-like behavior in the YAC128 transgenic murine model of HD. This investigation examines the effects of prolonged administration of the small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK channel) positive modulator chlorzoxazone (CHZ), both alone and in combination with folic acid (FA), on cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) electrophysiology and morphology, along with locomotor and memory decline and emotional state changes in YAC128 mice. The findings indicate that both CHZ alone and the mixture of CHZ and FA similarly ameliorated cerebellar-specific deficits, encompassing the precision of PC electrophysiological activity and beam walk performance in YAC128 mice. However, solely the mixture of CHZ and FA significantly alleviated depressive-like symptoms and improved recognition memory. These findings imply that a therapeutic approach addressing both motor and cognitive-affective deficits is essential for the holistic management of movement disorders associated with cerebellar atrophy, including HD.

01 Jul 2026·DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION

High-level expression of full-length human CYP2E1 in Escherichia coli: Comparison of full-length human CYP2E1 to truncated counterpart shows enhanced association with redox partners

Article

Author: Osawa, Yoichi ; Amunugama, Praveen ; Zhang, Haoming ; Sun, Yudong

Few liver microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450s), especially human P450s, are recombinantly expressed in bacteria as full-length proteins. Lack of the N-terminal membrane anchor hinders studies of the interactions of microsomal P450s with redox partners. Herein, we describe the successful expression of full-length human CYP2E1, referred to as hCYP2E1FLAL, in bacteria to give a yield of ∼704 nmol/L culture. This high-level expression was achieved due to the codon optimization strategy employed to reduce free energy for translation and growth temperature. The expressed hCYP2E1FLAL was purified with a single affinity column and contained no P420, the inactive form of P450. Compared with N-terminal truncated human CYP2E1 (hCYP2E1dH), hCYP2E1FLAL exhibits elevated enzyme activity toward prototypic substrates, chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol, with ∼2-fold increase in k_cat in the absence of cytochrome-b₅ (cyt b₅). The elevated enzyme activity is more pronounced in the presence of cyt b₅, with a 4.3-fold increase for chlorzoxazone and a 2.5-fold increase for p-nitrophenol. Moreover, hCYP2E1FLAL binds NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) more tightly with an apparent K_M of 0.36 ± 0.026 μM, compared to 1.2 ± 0.13 μM for truncated hCYP2E1dH. Interestingly, the presence of cyt b₅ further decreased the K_M of POR to 0.13 ± 0.014 μM for hCYP2E1FLAL as opposed to 0.40 ± 0.041 μM for hCYP2E1dH, suggesting that cyt b₅ promotes the interactions of CYP2E1 with POR. Taken together, these results suggest that the N-terminal transmembrane anchor enhances hCYP2E1-catalyzed reactions, likely by favorable interactions with POR and cyt b₅ to form active complexes with redox partners, and that the full-length enzyme is the appropriate form for further redox partner interaction studies in membrane systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In vitro drug metabolism by CYP2E1 is often inferred from rodent CYP2E1 or truncated human CYP2E1 due to the lack of recombinant full-length human CYP2E1. This study developed a high-level bacterial expression of full-length human CYP2E1. Comparative studies of full-length and truncated human CYP2E1 in hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol reveal that the N-terminal anchor of human CYP2E1 is critical for promoting interactions with NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome-b₅ and, hence, enzyme activity.

News (Medical) associated with Chlorzoxazone

29 Nov 2024

·pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com

CDSCO monthly review finds 56 drugs as substandard, flags 3 as spurious

New Delhi: As part of its monthly review undertaken to check and enforce the quality standards in the consumer drug market, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization ( CDSCO ) has identified 56 drug samples as ‘Not of Standard Quality’ (NSQ) and 3 as ‘spurious.’ The drugs and formulations which have been classified as spurious picked by Bihar Drugs Control Authority include Pantoprazole Gastro-resistant and Domeperiodone Prolong Released Capsules IP ( PAN-D); Cefixime Tablets IP (TAXIM-O 200); and Rosuvastatin Tablets IP (Rosuvas 10). As per the CDSCO notification, each of these drugs were manufactured in 2023 and the central drugs regulator is still investigating the manufacturer of the above-mentioned spurious drugs . The list of drugs and formulations which have been identified as NSQ includes Trypsin & Chymotrypsin Tablets manufactured by Cachet Pharmaceuticals Private Limited; Diclofenac Sodium, Paracetamol & Chlorzoxazone Tablets by MODERN LABORATORIES; Liposomal Amphotericinn B Injection 50mg by UNITED BIOTECH (P) LIMITED; Ornidazole & Ofloxacin Tablets IP by Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd; Amlodipine and Perindopril Tablets by Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Natamycin Ophthalmic Suspension by Primus Pharmaceuticals, among 50 others. All samples notified under the NSQ list for the month of October (released in November) were manufactured between 2022 and 2024, and CDSCO has identified the manufacturers of each of the listed products. Meanwhile, during the same period the State Drugs Testing Laboratories across the country have identified 34 Drugs Samples as Not of Standard Quality (NSQ). According to CDSCO, a drug shall be deemed spurious if it is manufactured under a name belonging to another drug; or if it is an imitation of, or a substitute for, another drug; or resembles another drug in a manner likely to deceive or bears upon its label or container the name of another drug, among other provisions defined under Section 17-B of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Whereas those drugs that fail to meet the quality standards or specifications are notified as NSQ, a term defined under Section 16(1)(a) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. By Online Bureau ,

NDADrug Approval

06 Nov 2024

·pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Paracetamol to PAN-D: CDSCO finds over 50 sub-standard drugs. Check full list of medicines

New Delhi: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation ( CDSCO ) has identified over 50 drugs which have failed in the drug test. In its latest report, the controller said 50 drugs including Paracetamol are "not of standard quality" (NSQ). The report has also flagged calcium and vitamin D3 supplements, anti-diabetes pills, and high blood pressure medicines. Paracetamol tablets from Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Ltd were specifically mentioned for quality concerns. The report listed a total of 48 drugs in the NSQ category, including a Gauze Roll Non Sterile Roller Bandage. NSQ alerts come from monthly random sampling conducted by state drug officers. Some of the medicines were produced by companies like Hetero Drugs, Alkem Laboratories, Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL), Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Meg Lifesciences, and Pure & Cure Healthcare. Additionally, the CDSCO shared another list that features five more drugs that failed quality tests. The pharmaceutical companies denied responsibility for these drugs. They claim they are "spurious," and one response from a company stated, "The actual manufacturer (as per label claim) has informed that the impugned batch of the product has not been manufactured by them and that it is a spurious drug. The product is purported to be spurious; however, the same is subjected to outcome of investigation." CDSCO NSQ Test: Full list of drugs and their manufacturers Here is the list of drugs that failed the CDSCO test along with the manufacturers: Amoxicillin And Potassium Clavulanate Tablets IP (Clavam 625) - M/s. Alkem Health Science Amoxicillin & Potassium Clavulanate Tablets (Mexclav 625) - M/s. Meg Lifesciences Calcium And Vitamin D3 Tablets IP (Shelcal 500) - M/s. Pure & Cure Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. Metformin Hydrochloride Sustained-release Tablets IP (Glycimet-SR-500) - M/s. Scott-Edil Pharmacia Ltd. Vitamin B Complex with Vitamin C Softgels - M/s. Asoj Soft Caps Pvt. Ltd. Rifmin 550 (Rifaximin Tablets 550 mg) - M/s. Legen Healthcare Pantoprazole Gastro-Resistant and Domperidone Prolonged-Release Capsules IP (Pan - D) - M/s. Alkem Health Science Paracetamol Tablets IP 500 mg - M/s. Karnataka Antibiotics and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Montair LC Kid (Montelukast Sodium & Levocetirizine Hydrochloride Dispersible Tablets) - M/s. Pure & Cure Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. Compound Sodium Lactate Injection IP (Ringer Lactate Solution for Injection) (RL 500 ml) - M/s. Vision Parenteral Pvt. Ltd. Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablets IP 120 mg - M/s. Maxtar Bio-Genics Laxnorm Solution (Lactulose Solution USP) - M/s. Athens Life Sciences Heparin Sodium Injection 5000 Units (Hostranil Injection) - M/s. Health Biotech Ltd. Buflam Forte Suspension (Ibuprofen & Paracetamol Oral Suspension) - M/s. Ornate Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Cepodem XP 50 Dry Suspension (Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Potassium Clavulanate Oral Suspension) - M/s. Hetero Labs Limited Nimesulide, Paracetamol and Chlorzoxazone Tablets (NICIP MR) - M/s. HSN International Rolled Gauze (Non-Sterilized) - M/s. Blazon India Ciprofloxacin Tablets IP 500 mg (Ocif-500) - M/s. Ornate Labs Pvt. Ltd. Nimesulide, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride & Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride Tablets (Nunim-Cold) - M/s. Unispeed Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Adrenaline Injection IP Sterile 1 ml - M/s. Alves Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. Compound Sodium Lactate Injection IP (Ringer Lactate Solution for Injection) RL 500ml - M/s. Vision Parentral Pvt. Ltd. Vingel XL Pro Gel (Diclofenac Diethylamine, Linseed Oil, Methyl Salicylate, and Menthol Gel) - M/s. Universal Twin Labs Atropine Sulphate Injection IP 2 ml - M/s. Nandani Medical Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Cefoperazone & Sulbactam For Injection (Todaycef 1.5 G) - M/s. Daxin Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Heparin Sodium Injection IP 25000 IU / 5ml - M/s. Scott-Edil Pharmacia Ltd. Cefepime & Tazobactam for Injection (Crupime - TZ Kid Injection) - M/s. Cosmas Research Lab. Ltd. Atropine Sulphate Injection IP (Atropine Sulphate) - M/s. Priya Pharmaceuticals Salbutamol, Bromhexine HCI, Guaifenesin and Menthol Syrup (Acozil Expectorant) - M/s. Antila Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd. Diclofenac Sodium IP - M/s. Sara Exports Ltd. Escitalopram and Clonazepam Tablets IP (Klozaps-ES Tablets) - M/s. Digital Vision Phenytoin Sodium Injection USP - M/s. Health Biotech Ltd. Paracetamol, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and Cetirizine Hydrochloride Suspension (Cethel Cold DS Suspension) - M/s. Win Cure Pharma Calcium 500 mg with Vitamin D3 250 IU Tablets IP - M/s. Life Max Cancer Laboratories Amoxycillin and Potassium Clavulanate Tablets IP 625 mg (Renamega- CV 625) - M/s. Malik Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd. Olmesartan Medoxomil Tablets IP 40 mg - M/s. Life Max Cancer Laboratories INFUSION SET-NV - M/s. Medivision Healthcare Telmisartan Tablets IP 40 mg - M/s. Life Max Cancer Laboratories Alprazolam Tablets IP 0.25 mg (Erazol-0.25 Tablets) - M/s. Elikem Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Glimepiride Tablets IP (2 mg) - M/s. Mascot Health Series Pvt. Ltd. Calcium and Vitamin D3 Tablets IP - M/s. Unicure India Ltd. Metronidazole Tablets IP 400mg - M/s. Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. Paziva -40 - M/s. Gnosis Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Pantomed -40 - Digital Vision 176 Cefixime Oral Suspension IP (Dry Syrup) - Nestor Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Moxymed CV - Alexa Pharmaceuticals Frusemide Injection IP 20 mg - Nestor Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Kudajarishtam - Bala Herbals Tab Nodosis - Steadfast Medishield Pvt. Ltd. Haridrakhanda - Bhaskara Vilasam Vaidyasala Pantoprazole Inj. BP 40 mg - Kerala Medical Services Corporation Ltd. Yogaraja Guggulu - Bhaskara Vilasam Vaidyasala PANCEF-OF - Aglomed Ltd.

Drug Approval

11 Jul 2024

·www.pharmaindustrial-india.com

Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Launches Muslaxin in Russia

Dr. Reddy's Russia arm, part of the global pharmaceutical company Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, has introduced Muslaxin (INN Ibuprofen 400 mg + Chlorzoxazone 500 mg), the first combination drug of NSAID and muscle relaxant that does not have generics in the Russian Federation. The product has an analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory effect, and is used for pain in the lower back caused by muscle tension and spasm. Muslaxin has been available in pharmacies since July 2024 and has Rx status. According to a number of world experts, 632 million people in the world daily complain of low back pain (LBP). The incidence of low back pain ranges from 10 percent to 25 percent of all cases of algia. In addition, 80 percent of patients who have suffered a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-19, develop early (immediately after the acute phase) or late (after some time) back pain. Muscular-tonic syndrome reflexively occurs as a result of nociceptive impulses coming from the affected tissues. As its duration increases, the tense muscle itself becomes a source of pain and potentiates the formation of pain syndrome. A vicious circle is formed: pain-muscle spasm-pain. Despite the presence of pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, NSAID monotherapy does not solve the issue of eliminating muscle spasm, as one of the important mechanisms of pain. Two or more drugs are more often used in complex therapy of acute pain, while fixed combinations have a number of advantages. Studies have shown that the use of a fixed combination made it possible to improve the response to treatment compared to NSAID monotherapy and to obtain a more pronounced analgesic effect in pain relief. The creation of combination product containing two or more components with fixed doses and different mechanisms of action, which have different effects on the pathogenesis of pain syndromes, is an important therapeutic strategy of modern pharmacology. For example, Muslaxin is a combination of chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen with a dual mechanism of action for the treatment of pain, inflammation and spasm. Ibuprofen is one of the most popular over-the-counter NSAIDs in the world. it is well tolerated and is used for the relief of acute pain and the treatment of pain in chronic diseases. Its actions are due to its inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2, which are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, has its own moderate analgesic effect, reduces muscle spasm and increases mobility of the muscles involved. Chlorzoxazone acts mainly at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain, which leads to the suppression of polysynaptic reflexes involved in the formation of muscle spasms. It stimulates GABA receptors and helps block voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, which exert a muscle relaxant effect. It reduces the release of inflammatory leukotrienes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the rate of the caspase cycle, inhibits the production of histamine, which exerts anti-inflammatory and antihistamine effects. The advantage of the Muslaxin combination compared to monotherapy also lies in its complex effect on the cause of back pain associated with spasms. An open-label, multicenter, prospective study comparing the efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen with ibuprofen monotherapy in patients with acute low back pain clinically suspected to be due to muscle spasm was conducted in 406 patients aged 18 to 60 years.

Drug Approval

100 Deals associated with Chlorzoxazone

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00771	Chlorzoxazone	M03BB03	DB00356

R&D Status

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Muscle injury	China	Jiangsu Shenlong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	01 Jan 1988
Musculoskeletal Pain	United States	Janssen Research & Development LLC	15 Aug 1958

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT01342341 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Alcoholism	48	placebo+chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte)	smcfxwdpla(oizdikdqwf) = qdzunhiqbs slomjujlzc (pfsfwxpqbv, 55.65) View more	-	26 Jun 2014
				placebo+chlorzoxazone (Placebo)	smcfxwdpla(oizdikdqwf) = qbzgtnpabj slomjujlzc (pfsfwxpqbv, 42.16) View more

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