Exploring the comparative effects of general anesthesia combined with intrathecal injection of morphine/nerve block for thoracoscopic surgery and the optimal dose of morphine

Start Date05 Nov 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University

ACTRN12623001309673

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 4IIT

The Utility of Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block versus Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia in Anterior Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Multicentre Triple Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial

Start Date01 Oct 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator-

CTRI/2024/09/073572

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 3IIT

Comparison Of Two Different Doses Of Intrathecal Morphine On Postoperative Analgesia In Renal Transplant Recipients. A Non-Inferiority Randomised Controlled Trial. - NIL

Start Date18 Sep 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research

100 Clinical Results associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

100 Translational Medicine associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

13,683

Literatures (Medical) associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

01 Apr 2025·Biological Research for Nursing

Genetic Association of Chronic Pains and Analgesics With Telomere Length: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Article

Author: Liu, Haotian ; Wang, Yubo ; Ren, Ziqi ; Nan, Yang ; Liu, Jianli ; Chen, Jiahe ; Pang, Yulin ; Liu, Dan

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the causal relationships between chronic pains (back pain, facial pain, general pain, headaches, knee pain, hip pain, neck/shoulder pain, stomach/abdominal pain) and analgesics (codeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, morphine, paracetamol, tramadol) with telomere length using Mendelian randomization methods. Methods: In the study, various statistical methods including inverse variance weighted (IVW), Mendelian Randomization-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to investigate the relationships between chronic pains, analgesics, and telomere length. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the results. Results: The results of the IVW analysis revealed positive causal relationships between hip pain (odds ratio (OR): 1.145; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.021–1.285; p = .020), and stomach/abdominal pain (OR: 1.100; 95% CI: 1.008–1.200; p = 0.033) with telomere length. Use of tramadol (OR: 0.074; 95% CI: 0.009–0.605; p = 0.015) had a negative causal relationships with telomere length. Conclusion: This study found positive associations between hip pain and stomach/abdominal pain with telomere length, and a negative association between tramadol and telomere length. However, no significant causal relationships were found with other types of chronic pains and analgesics. This could help develop healthier chronic pain treatments, avoiding the abuse of analgesics.

01 Mar 2025·EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL

Morphine synovial fluid concentrations after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses during standing sedation

Article

Author: Kilcoyne, Isabelle ; Flynn, Harriet ; Nieto, Jorge ; Knych, Heather K. ; Nottle, Bridget F.

Abstract:

Background:

Addition of morphine to the perfusate while performing intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) may be helpful in treating painful infectious orthopaedic conditions of the distal limb.

Objectives:

The main objective of this study was to determine synovial morphine concentrations following IVRLP with morphine alone or in combination with amikacin.

Study design:

Randomised cross‐over in vivo experiment.

Methods:

Six horses underwent IVRLP with 0.1 mg/kg morphine sulphate diluted to 60 mL using 0.9% NaCl (M group) or combined with 2 g amikacin and 0.9% NaCl (MA group) with a 2‐week washout period between treatments. Synovial fluid was collected from the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) at 10, 20, 30, 120, 240, 480, 720 and 1440 min after IVRLP. The tourniquet was removed after the 30‐min sample was collected. Synovial concentrations of morphine and major metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Amikacin concentrations were quantified by a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay.

Results:

Measurable concentrations of morphine were apparent in the RCJ of all horses. Median CMAX of morphine in the M group was 4753.1 (2115.7–14 934.5) ng/mL and 4477 (3434.3–7363) ng/mL in the MA group (p = 0.5). Median CMAX of synovial amikacin was 322.6 (157.5–1371.6 μg/mL).

Main limitations:

Limitations include small sample size. Investigators were not blinded to the treatments and a third treatment group where amikacin alone was administered via IVRLP to the study population was not included.

Conclusions:

IVRLP using morphine is a feasible technique and synovial morphine concentrations were measurable following IVRLP and were not affected when used concurrently with amikacin. Administration of morphine via IVRLP may be beneficial as an analgesic technique for orthopaedic conditions of the distal limb while limiting potential serious systemic side‐effects.

01 Mar 2025·ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Palonosetron Versus Ondansetron for Nausea, Vomiting, and Pruritus in Cesarean Delivery with Intrathecal Morphine

Article

Author: Sukumpanumet, Wasin ; Sriprajittichai, Pin ; Worravitudomsuk, Tarvit ; Charuluxananan, Somrat

BACKGROUND::

Spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic technique for cesarean deliveries. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pruritus occur in up to 80% and 83% of patients, respectively, after cesarean delivery with intrathecal opioids. Ondansetron is the recommended medication for PONV prophylaxis, but palonosetron, a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, has a higher receptor affinity and a longer half-life. However, studies on palonosetron use in cesarean deliveries are limited. This study aimed to determine whether palonosetron was more effective than ondansetron in preventing intrathecal morphine-induced PONV and pruritus in cesarean deliveries.

METHODS::

Parturients who underwent cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups: P (palonosetron 0.075 mg), O (ondansetron 4 mg), and N (normal saline). The study drug was intravenously administered after the umbilical cord was clamped. The primary outcome measures were the 48-hour incidence of PONV and pruritus. The secondary outcome measures were the PONV and pruritus scores at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and ward, rescue medications, satisfaction scores, and adverse events. Ordinal data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Continuous and categorical data were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson’s χ2 test, respectively. A value of P < .05 was considered significant. Post hoc analysis pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were also performed.

RESULTS::

Overall, 300 parturients were enrolled, and 297 parturients completed the study. One patient in the P group and 2 in the O group were excluded because of conversion to general anesthesia after failed spinal anesthesia. The baseline patient characteristics were comparable between the groups. The PONV incidence rates in the P, O, and N groups were 26.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.4–35.1), 34.7% (95% CI, 25.1–44.3), and 50.0% (95% CI, 40.0–59.9), respectively (P = .002). The incidence rates of pruritus in the P, O, and N groups were 69.7% (95% CI, 60.5–78.9), 76.5% (95% CI, 67.9–85.1), and 87.0% (95% CI, 80.3–93.7), respectively (P = .013). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly lower incidences of PONV and pruritus in the P group than in the N group (P < .001 and P = .003, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed between the P and O groups or between the O and N groups. Additionally, the P group required significantly less nalbuphine rescue for pruritus than the N group (P = .004 and P = .005 for the PACU and ward, respectively). PONV rescue, satisfaction scores, and adverse events were not significantly different among the 3 groups.

CONCLUSIONS::

Palonosetron effectively prevents intrathecal morphine-induced PONV and pruritus during cesarean delivery. However, the efficacy of palonosetron is not significantly different from that of ondansetron.

News (Medical) associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

23 Jul 2024

·www.businesswire.com

Tersera Therapeutics LLC Announces That the 2024 Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC) Guidelines Issued Updated Guidance for Administering PRIALT

DEERFIELD, Ill.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--TerSera Therapeutics LLC announced today that the 2024 Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC) guidelines reinforce the role of non-opiate PRIALT in treating severe chronic pain. The 2024 PACC guidelines build upon prior iterations. This includes the 2016 PACC guidelines which recommend PRIALT as a first line option for neuropathic (chronic pain that occur when a health condition affects the nerves that send sensations to the brain) and nociceptive pain (pain caused by damage to body tissue). 1 The updated PACC Guidelines were published in the journal of Neuromodulation on May 16, 2024. 2 As noted in the guidelines, “proper individualized dosing is paramount for success with ziconotide.” The updated 2024 PACC guidelines discuss several crucial parameters for starting a patient successfully on PRIALT. Please refer to the full 2024 PACC Guidelines for additional information. 2 “The updated 2024 PACC guidelines provide clinicians with recommendations on how to manage PRIALT therapy for patients with severe, chronic pain,” said Gladstone C. McDowell II, MD. Dr. McDowell is the founder and former Medical Director of Integrated Pain Solutions in Columbus, Ohio and an author of the PACC guidelines. “In addition, it is beneficial to have an effective non-opioid analgesic option for this patient population. I appreciate having the ability to mitigate the potential risk of dependence and addiction for patients by using PRIALT.” Nancy Martin, MD, PharmD, Chief Medical Officer at TerSera, commented, “The PACC guidelines expert panel has continued to support PRIALT as an option for patients with severe, chronic pain who are refractory to other treatments." The International Neuromodulation Society (INS) commissioned a panel of distinguished clinical experts, and a series of Polyanalgesic Consensus Conferences produced the first guidelines after the inaugural meeting in 1999. 2 The authors of the PACC guidelines consist of an international, multidisciplinary team of experts in the intrathecal drug delivery . 1-2 PRIALT approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004, is used to manage severe chronic pain in adults when other treatments do not work, stop working or cannot be tolerated. PRIALT is placed directly into the spinal fluid (termed “intrathecal” use) by a qualified physician who determines that the patient is appropriate for this procedure. PRIALT is not an opioid and is not a controlled, scheduled drug, meaning that the drug does not show the potential for dependence and subsequent abuse. 4 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is estimated that nearly 17 million Americans suffer from severe chronic pain of some kind. 3 Chronic pain conditions may be the result of more than one cause—damage to body tissues (nociceptive), damage to the nervous system (neuropathic), or a mix of the two. 1-2 Severe chronic pain patients are treated in a variety of ways, including use of oral opioids, transdermal opioids, physical therapy, injection therapy, spinal cord stimulation, spinal surgery, and more. When these methods do not adequately manage the individual’s pain, many doctors prescribe an intrathecal infusion treatment in which a pump is surgically implanted in the abdomen to deliver pain medication directly to the spinal cord to inhibit pain signals. In addition to PRIALT, only morphine is FDA-approved as an intrathecal (IT) infusion treatment for severe chronic pain. ABOUT TERSERA THERAPEUTICS TerSera Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company with a focus in oncology, acute care, and non-opioid pain management. Founded in 2016, TerSera is building new cornerstones of care through its portfolio of unique therapeutics, amplifying their ability to deliver meaningful outcomes for patients. For more information about TerSera Therapeutics, please visit tersera.com . ABOUT PRIALT 4 PRIALT intrathecal solution is an N-type calcium channel antagonist used to treat severe chronic pain in patient’s refractory to other treatments. PRIALT was first approved in 2004; PRIALT is available as a 1- or 5-mL vial of 100 mcg/mL solution or a 20 mL vial of 25 mcg/mL solution. INDICATION PRIALT is a prescription medicine used to treat severe chronic pain in adults who cannot take other treatments or when other treatments do not work, stop working, or cause bothersome side effects. PRIALT can only be delivered by or under the direction of a doctor who injects the medicine into your spinal fluid through a special device (a procedure called intrathecal infusion) and should only be used in patients who are appropriate for the procedure. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION PRIALT may cause serious side effects including psychiatric (mental) symptoms and problems thinking (confusion, memory problems, speech difficulties). The doctor should be called immediately if, while taking PRIALT, you are confused or disoriented, are less alert, see or hear things that are not real (hallucinations), have changes in mood or consciousness. Your doctor may stop your treatment with PRIALT, give you other medicines, or require you to be hospitalized if you experience any of these symptoms. You should not be given PRIALT if you: are allergic to PRIALT or any of its ingredients have a condition or are receiving a treatment that would cause an injection in your spinal fluid to be unsafe have or had a mental illness called psychosis (a loss of contact with reality), usually including delusions (false beliefs about what is taking place or who one is) or hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not real) PRIALT may cause or worsen depression, which increases the risk of suicide. People 65 years of age and older have a higher risk for confusion with PRIALT. Taking certain other medicines along with PRIALT may raise the risk of having problems with thinking or alertness. Tell your doctor about all the medicines you are taking. Meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) or other infections can happen if the infusion device becomes contaminated. Tell your doctor right away if you have fever, headache, stiff neck, changes in mental status (feeling tired, confused, disoriented), nausea, vomiting, and/or seizures as these may be symptoms of developing meningitis. PRIALT may cause unconsciousness or reduced mental alertness. Avoid activities where you need to be alert, awake, and have full control of your body (activities like operating machinery or driving a car) during treatment with PRIALT. Tell the doctor if you experience new or worsening muscle pain, soreness, weakness or if your urine is dark in color as this could be a sign of rare but serious muscle side effects. You should also tell the doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant or if you are breastfeeding. The most common side effects of PRIALT include dizziness, nausea, confusion, and uncontrolled eye movements. These are not all the possible side effects of PRIALT. Talk to your doctor about any side affects you may be experiencing. To report suspected adverse reactions, contact the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.FDA.gov/medwatch . You may also contact TerSera Therapeutics at 1-844-334- 4035 or medicalinformation@tersera.com . Please see Important Safety Information above and full Prescribing Information, including BOXED Warning. References 1. Deer T.R., Pope J.E., Hayek S., Lamer T.J., Veizi I.E., Erdek M., Wallace M.S., Grider J.S., Levy R.M., Prager J., Rosen S.M., Saulino M., Yaksh T.L., De Andres J.A., Abejon Gonzalez D.,Vesper J., Schu S.,Simpson B.,Mekhail N. 2017. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): Recommendations for Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Guidance for Improving Safety and Mitigating Risks. Neuromodulation 2017; E-pub ahead of print. DOI:10.1111/ner.12579 2. Deer T.R., Hayek S.M., Grider J.S., Hagedorn J.M., McDowell G.C., Kim P., Dupoiron D., Goel V., Duarte R., Pilitsis J.G., Leong M.S., De Andrés J., Perruchoud C., Sukumaran H., Abd-Elsayed A., Saulino M., Patin D., Poree L.R., Strand N., Gritsenko K., Osborn J.A., Dones I., Bux A., Shah J.M., Lindsey B.L., Shaw E., Yaksh T.L., Levy R.M. 2024. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC)®: Intrathecal Drug Delivery Guidance on Safety and Therapy Optimization When Treating Chronic Non-cancer Pain. Neuromodulation 2024; -:1–33. 3. Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Schmit, K. M., & Guy Jr., G. P. (2023). Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2019–2021. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 72(15), 433–438. 4. PRIALT ® (ziconotide). Prescribing information. TerSera Therapeutics LLC. PRIALT is a registered trademark of TerSera Therapeutics LLC ©2024TerSera Therapeutics LLC. All rights reserved. PRI-P-1170v2 (07/2024)

Drug Approval

12 Mar 2024

·www.businesswire.com

CHLA Researchers Find That Length of Opioid Treatment for Hospitalized Infants Differs by Institution and Geography

LOS ANGELES--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Opioids such as fentanyl and morphine can provide effective pain relief for infants with complex medical conditions when used carefully. But who decides what careful actually means? In a study published in JAMA Network Open, researchers at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles found the opioid treatment that critically ill, hospitalized infants received depended on their location. The length of time the infants were prescribed opioids differed by geographic region across the U.S.— the Northeast, South, Midwest or West. And up to 16% of this variability in infant opioid prescriptions and 20% of the methadone prescriptions—the medication used to help wean infants safely from opioids—depended on the individual hospital. “Opioid prescribing patterns for adults have been well-studied, but this study is the first to examine inpatient opioid prescribing patterns in critically ill infants on a national scale,” says Olivia A. Keane, MD, lead author on the paper. “Our study reports wide variation in opioid prescribing and thus exposure of infants to opioids across institutions.” Dr. Keane notes that the lack of standardized guidelines for opioid prescribing in infants can lead to significant differences in hospitalization length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation, days of IV nutrition, and can also impact healthcare costs. Pain relief vs. long-term effects Appropriate dosing of opiates requires a delicate balance. There is the obvious clinical need to ease a baby’s pain, and without sufficient pain relief, infants can experience more complicated recoveries and poorer clinical outcomes after surgeries and intubation. “Additionally, prolonged opioid exposure in high-risk hospitalized infants has been implicated in worsening neurodevelopmental outcomes,” Dr. Keane says. “Thus, lack of standardization and the significant variation demonstrated by our study may put some infants at higher risk of poor long-term outcomes.” Children’s Hospital Los Angeles researchers and their collaborators conducted a retrospective study of 132,658 high-risk infants under 1 year old who were treated in 47 different children’s hospitals around the U.S. The most common high-risk diagnosis was congenital heart disease (65%), 30% of infants were born prematurely, and over half underwent surgery. During their hospital stay, 76% of infants were prescribed opioids such as fentanyl, morphine and hydromorphone, and about 8% received methadone. But infants’ exposure to opioids and methadone post-treatment varied significantly by hospital and location. “Our findings reinforce the need to establish national standards for best practices in opioid prescription in infants,” says Lorraine Kelley-Quon, MD, MSHS , pediatric surgeon and senior study author who directs the Health Outcomes and Policy Effects Laboratory at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. About Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Founded in 1901, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles is at the forefront of pediatric medicine and is the largest provider of hospital care for children in California. Children’s Hospital is home to renowned experts who work together across disciplines to deliver inclusive and compassionate care, and drive advances that set pediatric standards across the nation and around the globe. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles provides a level of care to its diverse population of children that is among the best in the world. The hospital is consistently ranked in the top 10 in the nation on U.S. News & World Report’s Honor Roll of Best Children’s Hospitals, including No. 1 in California and No. 1 in the Pacific U.S. region. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles embraces its mission to create hope and build healthier futures. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles is among the top 10 children’s hospitals for National Institutes of Health funding. The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles supports the full continuum of research, allowing physicians and scientists to translate discoveries into treatments and bring answers to families faster. The pediatric academic medical center also is home to one of the largest training programs for pediatricians in the United States. And the hospital’s commitment to building strong communities is evident in CHLA’s efforts to fight food insecurity, enhance health education and literacy, and introduce more people to careers in health care. To learn more, follow CHLA on Facebook , Instagram , LinkedIn , YouTube and X , formerly known as Twitter, and visit CHLA.org/blog .

100 Deals associated with Morphine-6-glucuronide

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
-	Morphine-6-glucuronide	-	DB06409

R&D Status

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	CZ	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	FR	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	DE	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	NL	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	PL	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	GB	Paion UK Ltd.	01 Nov 2005
Moderate pain	Phase 1	CN	Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.	01 Jul 2019
Severe pain	Phase 1	CN	Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.	01 Jul 2019

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


Pubmed \| Cureus	Phase 3	-	74	Intrathecal Morphine	ywmmdamgtf(ychvwgvhtm) = qdwcfaiykh pvcryiodwf (rltcsxxqcc ) View more	Positive	17 Jul 2024
				Intrathecal Morphine (Erector Spinae Plane Block)	ywmmdamgtf(ychvwgvhtm) = yhwecpykdn pvcryiodwf (rltcsxxqcc ) View more
NCT00701909 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Pain \| Nausea \| Hallucinations ... View more	12	Morphine+Ketamine (Morphine Plus Ketamine)	nbkkwuusqz(gisxdrvxuh) = cdfnsvyelj rzmhdlhyym (wcdpmbzmem, guzvlacbiv - ymdorsercf) View more	-	26 Mar 2024
				Morphine (Morphine Plus Saline)	nbkkwuusqz(gisxdrvxuh) = islqsrafec rzmhdlhyym (wcdpmbzmem, zogwmckabj - qhgwkuutta) View more
NCT02223377 (SAME-Day, CTgov)	Not Applicable	Analgesia \| Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting \| Vomiting	402	Morphine (Morphine)	tarfzvtxyh(mjczfymmnj) = gzhufuldrj ypjvzcxkqj (zeyvboyjbz, gcoxsljwiu - uytbbforqf) View more	-	11 Dec 2023
				Hydromorphone (Hydromorphone)	tarfzvtxyh(mjczfymmnj) = tjhvulslkr ypjvzcxkqj (zeyvboyjbz, nouoqevhqw - qhbzkylktn) View more
WSC2023	Not Applicable	Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive	-	Sustained-release morphine 20mg	fckcfsmuat(tczlmvmcqv) = yaaonuyupd ogzjjdnpzt (mbxejsshvh ) View more	-	23 Oct 2023
				Placebo	fckcfsmuat(tczlmvmcqv) = wavdvnkhrm ogzjjdnpzt (mbxejsshvh ) View more
NCT01900847 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Acute Pain	17	placebo+morphine (Morphine and Placebo)	ibanmxhfsr(cwhimndvsl) = sgirqpfljj hpnamncgwg (agtdkdimnh, xxzkcxgmax - xvoxgbzqbo) View more	-	17 Jul 2023
				morphine+Ketamine (Morphine and Ketamine)	ibanmxhfsr(cwhimndvsl) = vajqzfbxjn hpnamncgwg (agtdkdimnh, hwlhvtokqw - upfrgmaopg) View more
EHA2023	Not Applicable	Neoplasms	-	Oxycodone	togdjerpto(bhmfxwkjed) = awdbelthpl eeslrjxhsf (ciegeogimd )	-	08 Jun 2023
				Morphine	togdjerpto(bhmfxwkjed) = horngnyvyx eeslrjxhsf (ciegeogimd )
NCT02456909 (PCA Cues, CTgov)	Not Applicable	Pain, Postoperative	176	Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump with Cues+morphine (Cues)	nvuovdsepf(xxpvhuzsar) = urwynpidvr abxyhisvce (lyqhisdmse, fxgvyayinp - hcqyzzbwwl) View more	-	08 Sep 2021
				Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump without Cues+morphine (No Cues)	nvuovdsepf(xxpvhuzsar) = gdydcrwpbi abxyhisvce (lyqhisdmse, smkxbenjzy - fviijhxwzm) View more
P-122 (ESMO_GI2021)	Not Applicable	Cancer Pain nicotine \| opioid receptors	96	morphine (Smokers)	qtjinnzzyx(pyfzcxqxpv) = vtznlkcpms irzjrylhnc (kvzmrcjcph ) View more	Positive	03 Jul 2021
				morphine (Non-smokers)	qtjinnzzyx(pyfzcxqxpv) = scepnhprbv irzjrylhnc (kvzmrcjcph ) View more
NCT01977898 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Post-Dural Puncture Headache \| Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak \| Headache	68	morphine (Morphine)	lfsmqofobd(mwiwvzstla) = wnyxmrxtde yrhopwhhon (kepuxcrgzt, qzurayohjx - jcpmamxzux) View more	-	02 Apr 2021
				saline (Saline)	lfsmqofobd(mwiwvzstla) = wwlojqdtbj yrhopwhhon (kepuxcrgzt, pimrvvgjfd - hfwgywfhfo) View more

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