AR vaccine(Madison Vaccines, Inc.)

Interleukin (IL)‐33, when cleaved into smaller fragments by proteases, becomes hyperactive, contributing to allergic inflammation. Povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) is an iodine‐based compound that exhibits antimicrobial properties and inhibits proteases. This study aimed to investigate whether PVP‐I treatment inhibits IL‐33 cleavage, improves allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms, and suppresses allergic inflammation in a mouse model.

In vitro experiments using full‐length recombinant human IL‐33 and allergens, including house dust mites or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1, were conducted using western blotting. Fifty BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: control (CON), AR with phosphate‐buffered saline treatment (AR), PVP‐I treatment (AR + PVP), trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐L‐leucylamido(4‐guanidino)butane (E64) treatment (AR + E64), and dexamethasone treatment (AR + Dexa). Nasal symptom scores, including rubbing and sneezing, were measured. The cytokine levels in the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum were assessed. Nasal mucosa from each group was used for reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and histological analyses were conducted.

PVP‐I treatment reduced nasal symptoms, suppressed allergic inflammation, and decreased the levels of IL‐33, IL‐5, and IL‐13 in the NLF and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE in the serum. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in the number of eosinophils and goblet cells in the nasal mucosa of the AR + PVP group when compared to the AR group. RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the downregulation of genes and proteins associated with allergic inflammation.

These findings suggest that nasal irrigation with PVP‐I may be a promising therapeutic option for managing AR by inhibiting IL‐33 activation and suppressing allergic inflammation.

Textile effluents containing toxic dyes must be treated effectively before discharge to prevent adverse environmental impacts. Traditional physical and chemical treatment methods are costly and generate secondary pollutants. In contrast, biological treatment is a more suitable, clean, versatile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technique for treating textile effluent. It is well established that indigenous microbial populations present in effluents can effectively degrade toxic dyes. In this regard, Achromobacter xylosoxidans DDB6 was isolated from the effluent sample to decolorize crystal violet (CV), Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), and alizarin red (AR) by 67.20%, 28.58%, and 20.41%, respectively. The growth parameters of A. xylosoxidans DDB6 in media supplemented with 100 ppm of various dyes were determined using the modified Gompertz growth model. The immobilized cells in calcium alginate beads showed apparent decolorization rate constant of 0.27, 0.18, and 0.13 h^-1 for CV, CBB, and AR, respectively. The immobilized cells in a packed bed reactor with an optimum flow rate of 0.5 mL/min were used to treat 100 ppm of CV with a percentage decolorization of 79.47% after three cycles. Based on the findings, A. xylosoxidans DDB6 could be effectively used for decolorization of various dyes.