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In this study, the giant reed (Arundo donax L.) was used as a substrate for bioethanol productionTo study and optimize the effect of bioethanol production parameters, including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration (3-9, weight/weight%), temperature (60-180 °C), and pretreatment duration (30-120 min), on bioethanol concentration, and theor. bioethanol yield, response surface methodol. (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used.Alk. pretreatment with NaOH was done on the substrate and all the samples were subjected to an enzymic degradation experiment under conditions of loading 30 FPU cellulase/g dry biomass and then converted to bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.The results showed significant effects of the variables on bioethanol production, except for the effects of temperature on theor. bioethanol yield.The optimal conditions for producing bioethanol under alk. pretreatment conditions are a NaOH concentration of 3.0%, a temperature of 60 °C, and a pretreatment duration of 30 min which identified the optimal conditions of bioethanol concentration (3.19 g/L), and theor. bioethanol yield (25.62%).These results contribute to supporting the potential of giant reed biomass as a suitable raw material for bioethanol production

01 Sep 2024·Food Chemistry

Encapsulation of iron within whey protein-pectin nanocomplexes: Fabrication, characterization, and optimization

Article

Author: Rostamabadi, Hadis ; Fasamanesh, Mahdis ; Jafari, Seid Mahdi ; Zhang, Fuyuan ; Assadpour, Elham

Iron is an important micronutrient that cannot be added directly into food products due to potential reactions with the food matrix, impact on color, and taste. Complexed biopolymeric nanocarriers can overcome these challenges particularly for oral delivery of iron, but selecting appropriate biopolymers, their ratio and pH of complexation is very important. In this study, whey protein concentrate (WPC)-pectin nanocomplexes were prepared at different concentrations (WPC 4, 6 and 8%; pectin 0.5, 0.75 and 1%), and pH (3, 6 and 9) to encapsulate iron. The smallest carriers were observed at pH 3; higher pH led to higher zeta potential (zero to -32.5 mV). Encapsulation efficiency of iron in nanocarriers formulated at pH = 3, 6 and 9 were 87.83, 75.92 and 20%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical particles at pH 3. To conclude, a WPC to pectin ratio of 4: 1 at pH 3 was the best conditions for loading iron.

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