Springworks Therapeutics, Inc.

The anti-CD38 mAb market is projected to experience substantial growth in the coming years owing to strong uptake of DARZALEX (along with DARZALEX FASPRO), the expected entry of subcutaneous formulation of SARCLISA in Multiple Myeloma. This growth is also driven by a rising number of cancer and autoimmune disorder diagnoses, as well as an increasing number of Anti-CD38 mAbs undergoing clinical trials and seeking approval. LAS VEGAS, Oct. 23, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- DelveInsight's Anti-CD38 mAb Market Insights report includes a comprehensive understanding of current treatment practices, emerging anti-CD38 mAb, market share of individual therapies, and current and forecasted anti-CD38 mAb market size from 2020 to 2034, segmented into 7MM [the United States, the EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), the United Kingdom, and Japan]. Key Takeaways from the Anti-CD38 mAb Market Report As per DelveInsight's analysis, the total market size of anti-CD38 mAb in the 7MM is expected to surge significantly by 2034. Multiple Myeloma is the only indication for which anti-CD38 therapies, Johnson&Johnson's (J&J) DARZALEX and Sanofi's SARCLISA have been approved until now. Around 50% of DARZALEX usage comes from second-line treatment in Multiple Myeloma. Additionally, in the frontline multiple myeloma clinical trials, DARZALEX has emerged triumphant, surpassing all expectations and solidifying its position as the gold standard of therapy. Its unparalleled effectiveness and exceptional safety profile have exceeded rivals' predictions and soon positioned DARZALEX to dominate the multiple myeloma market. The filing submission of SARCLISA subcutaneous in 3L R/R MM (IRAKLIA) is anticipated in 2025 and beyond. Somehow, SARCLISA is way behind DARZALEX in terms of market expansion, and DARZALEX has also got an early mover advantage of over 4 years. Multiple Myeloma is the leading indication, other emerging indications with commercial opportunity include Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and IgA Nephropathy Leading emerging anti-CD38 mAb companies such as Takeda Pharmaceuticals, HI-Bio, Genmab, CASI Pharmaceuticals, and others are developing novel anti-CD38 mAb that can be available in the market in the coming years. Some of the key anti-CD38 mAb in the pipeline include Mezagitamab (TAK-079), Felzartamab, GEN3014, CID-103 , and others. In June 2024, data from the IMROZ Phase III study by Sanofi demonstrated that SARCLISA is the first anti-CD38 to significantly improve progression-free survival in combination with bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd) for newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. In May 2024, Biogen and Human Immunology Biosciences (HI-Bio), announced the companies have entered into a definitive agreement under which Biogen has agreed to acquire HI-Bio for USD 1.15 billion upfront and up to USD 650 million in potential milestone payments. Discover which therapies are expected to grab the anti-CD38 mAb market share @ Anti-CD38 mAb Market Report Anti-CD38 mAb Market Dynamics The market for anti-CD38 mAbs has undergone significant growth and transformation in recent years, driven primarily by the increasing prevalence of multiple myeloma and the d emand for more effective treatment options. The market dynamics are further influenced by ongoing research into the broader application of anti-CD38 mAbs beyond multiple myeloma. There is growing interest in exploring their efficacy in other CD38-expressing malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain solid tumors. Additionally, research into combination therapies, where anti-CD38 mAbs are paired with immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, or other novel agents, is expanding the horizon for these treatments. Such advancements are likely to further propel the market, attracting substantial investment and fueling innovation. However, challenges such as biosimilar competition, pricing pressures, and the need for differentiation in a crowded market pose potential hurdles. The entrance of biosimilars could reduce costs but also threaten market share for existing products. Companies must navigate these challenges through strategic pricing, market access strategies, and continuous innovation to maintain their competitive edge. The anti-CD38 mAb market is poised for continued expansion, with a promising pipeline of new therapies and combinations on the horizon, making it a dynamic and evolving sector within oncology. Anti-CD38 mAb Treatment Market Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 are crucial in the treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory multiple myeloma. Currently, DARZALEX and SARCLISA are the two approved anti-CD38 therapies. SARCLISA is a prescription medication used to treat multiple myeloma in adults. It is administered alongside pomalidomide and dexamethasone for patients who have undergone at least two previous treatments, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Additionally, SARCLISA is used with carfilzomib and dexamethasone for patients who have received one to three prior therapies that were either ineffective or have stopped working. In March 2020, the US FDA approved SARCLISA in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma patients who had at least two prior therapies, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. Later, in May 2020, the European Commission approved SARCLISA. By March 2021, the US FDA also approved SARCLISA with carfilzomib and dexamethasone for those with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who had received one to three previous treatments. DARZALEX is an innovative monoclonal antibody that the US FDA approved for treating multiple myeloma in patients with at least one prior treatment. It works by inducing tumor cell death through several mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. In November 2015, the FDA granted DARZALEX accelerated approval as a monotherapy for multiple myeloma patients who had undergone at least three prior treatments. By November 2016, it was also approved for use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone, for patients who had received at least one prior therapy. From 2015 to 2021, DARZALEX gained further approvals for use in various drug combinations. Their effectiveness in managing multiple myeloma and plasma cell disorders has been confirmed by numerous Phase III clinical trials. Moreover, CD38-targeted therapies are being explored for other conditions such as primary immune thrombocytopenia, IgA nephropathy, antibody-mediated transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, and various hematologic cancers. Learn more about the FDA-approved anti-CD38 mAb @ Anti-CD38 mAb Drugs Key Emerging Anti-CD38 mAb and Companies Several key players, including Takeda Pharmaceuticals, HI-Bio, CASI Pharmaceuticals, and others, are involved in developing drugs for Anti-CD38 mAb for various indications such as multiple myeloma, myasthenia gravis, and others. Mezagitamab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets CD38 and is being developed by Takeda for the treatment of multiple myeloma, myasthenia gravis, and primary immune thrombocytopenia. On March 14, 2024, the FDA granted Fast Track designation and Orphan Drug status to mezagitamab for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Takeda also revealed plans to begin a global Phase III trial for mezagitamab in ITP later in 2024. The drug is currently in Phase II of clinical development. HI-Bio's leading candidate, felzartamab, is a fully human anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Clinical studies have demonstrated its ability to selectively target and deplete CD38+ cells, including plasma cells and NK cells, potentially enabling broader therapeutic applications and enhanced clinical outcomes across various immune-mediated diseases. Felzartamab has been granted Breakthrough Therapy and Orphan Drug Designations by the FDA for primary membranous nephropathy and also received Orphan Drug Designation for treating antibody-mediated kidney transplant recipients. Phase II trials have been completed for primary membranous nephropathy and antibody-mediated transplant rejection, with ongoing studies in IgA nephropathy. HI-Bio intends to progress each of these indications to Phase III. The anticipated launch of these emerging therapies are poised to transform the anti-CD38 mAb market landscape in the coming years. As these cutting-edge therapies continue to mature and gain regulatory approval, they are expected to reshape the anti-CD38 mAb market landscape, offering new standards of care and unlocking opportunities for medical innovation and economic growth. To know more about anti-CD38 mAb clinical trials, visit @ Anti-CD38 mAb Treatment Drugs Anti-CD38 mAb Overview Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a class of therapeutic agents that target CD38, a surface protein widely expressed on plasma cells, including malignant ones in multiple myeloma. By binding to CD38, these mAbs can induce direct cytotoxicity, promote antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and facilitate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to destroy the targeted cells. Beyond their role in multiple myeloma, anti-CD38 mAbs are being explored for their potential in treating other hematologic malignancies and autoimmune diseases. CD38 is not only a marker for plasma cells but also involved in processes like calcium signaling and NAD+ metabolism, which are crucial for cell survival and proliferation. By targeting CD38, these antibodies can modulate the immune microenvironment, making them a promising tool for both oncology and immunology. The ongoing research is focused on optimizing their efficacy, managing resistance, and exploring their use in combination with other immunotherapies to enhance patient outcomes. Anti-CD38 mAb Epidemiology Segmentation Epidemiology assessed for multiple myeloma showed that the United States, in 2023, accounted for 36,800 incident cases of multiple myeloma. The anti-CD38 mAb market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2020–2034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Incident Cases of Selected Indication for Anti-CD38 mAb Total Eligible Patient Pool for Anti-CD38 mAb in Selected Indication Total Treatable Cases of Selected Indications for Anti-CD38 mAb Scope of the Anti-CD38 mAb Market Report Anti-CD38 mAb Therapeutic Assessment: Anti-CD38 mAb current marketed and emerging therapies Anti-CD38 mAb Market Dynamics: Conjoint Analysis of Emerging Anti-CD38 mAb Drugs Competitive Intelligence Analysis: SWOT analysis and Market entry strategies Unmet Needs, KOL's views, Analyst's views, Anti-CD38 mAb Market Access and Reimbursement Discover more about anti-CD38 mAb in development @ Anti-CD38 mAb Clinical Trials Table of Contents Related Reports Multiple Myeloma Market Multiple Myeloma Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2034 report deliver an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key multiple myeloma companies, including Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Pfizer, AbbVie and Roche (Genentech), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Roche (Genentech), Arcellx, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, BeiGene, CARsgen Therapeutics, Cartesian Therapeutics, C4 Therapeutics, Heidelberg Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, RAPA Therapeutics, AbbVie (TeneoOne), Takeda , among others. Multiple Myeloma Pipeline Multiple Myeloma Pipeline Insight – 2024 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key multiple myeloma companies, including Janssen, Pharmacyclics, Novartis, Incyte Corporation, Gracell Biotechnology, SpringWorks Therapeutics, Sana Biotechnology, Cytovia Therapeutics, Pfizer, MorphoSys, Biokine Therapeutics, Arcellx, Rapa Therapeutics, iTeos Therapeutics, Sorrento Therapeutics, CARsgen, Ascentage Pharma, Cartesian Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Juno Therapeutics, Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics, Arch Oncology, Oncoceutics, TeneoBio, Nerviano Medical Sciences, among others. Relapse/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Market Relapse/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2032 report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted epidemiology, as well as the market trends, market drivers, market barriers, and key R/R multiple myeloma companies, including NexImmune, Amgen, AbbVie, Allogene Therapeutics, Precision Biosciences, Takeda Oncology, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Cellectis S.A., YZY Biopharma, Janssen Research & Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lava Therapeutics, Prelude Therapeutics, among others. Relapse/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Pipeline Relapse/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Pipeline Insight – 2024 report provides comprehensive insights about the pipeline landscape, pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and non-clinical stage products, and the key R/R multiple myeloma companies, including Bristol-Myers Squibb, I-MAB Biopharma, Pfizer, Arcellx, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Array Biopharma, Hrain Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Cartesian Therapeutics, Xencor, Takeda, Sorrento Therapeutics, Heidelberg Pharma AG, Ichnos Sciences, Allogene Therapeutics, Harpoon Therapeutics, Cellectis, Poseida Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, ONK Therapeutics, TeneoOne, iTeos Therapeutics, Oricell Therapeutics, Anaveon AG, Luminary Therapeutics, Seagen Inc., Trillium Therapeutics Inc., Virtuoso BINco, Inc., Seagen Inc., Trillium Therapeutics Inc., among others. About DelveInsight DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant and Market Research firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing comprehensive end-to-end solutions to improve their performance. Get hassle-free access to all the healthcare and pharma market research reports through our subscription-based platform PharmDelve . Contact Us Shruti Thakur [email protected] +14699457679 Logo: SOURCE DelveInsight Business Research, LLP WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

Bain Capital Life Sciences said Tuesday it has secured about $3 billion for its fourth fund, bringing the private investment firms total haul since its 2016 inception to $6.7 billion.Bain Capital said the new fund includes $2.5 billion of outside commitments from new and existing investors, with the remainder coming from its partners, employees and affiliates. The firm said it intends to use the cash to back companies working on therapeutics, medical devices, life science tools and diagnostics that will improve the lives of patients with unmet medical needs.Since being formed eight years ago, Bain Capitals life sciences arm has invested in more than 70 companies that have achieved 16 regulatory approvals. The firm invests in new companies, provides growth funding for more advanced startups and also financial lifelines to fallen angels it deems to be at a crossroads. It has had success investing in spin-outs of pharmaceutical companies, too. Springworks Therapeutics and Cerevel Therapeutics, for instance, were each built around medicines that originated at Pfizer. Springworks eventually went public and last year brought a drug for desmoid tumors to market. Cerevel, meanwhile, was acquired by AbbVie for $8.7 billion.The new fundraise follows a string of buyouts involving some of Bains portfolio companies that were private at the time of their acquisition. This year alone, Aiolos Bio, Jnana Therapeutics and EyeBio were acquired by large drugmakers, part of a recent uptick in M&A deals for biotech startups.Amid a stabilization of biotech venture funding, the firm has also continued to invest in some of the sectors larger funding rounds, among them a $260 million financing for Cardurion Pharmaceuticals last month and a $400 million raise in May for an obesity drug startup tentatively called Hercules CM NewCo.Bain Capital previously raised $1.9 billion for its third fund three years ago. '

– PDUFA target action date of February 28, 2025 – – EU Marketing Authorization Application also validated by European Medicines Agency – Aug. 28, 2024 -- SpringWorks Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: SWTX), a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on severe rare diseases and cancer, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted the Company’s New Drug Application (NDA) for mirdametinib, an investigational MEK inhibitor, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated plexiform neurofibromas (NF1-PN). The NDA was granted Priority Review and has been given a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) action date of February 28, 2025. In addition, the FDA has stated that it is not currently planning to hold an advisory committee meeting to discuss the application. SpringWorks also announced today that the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has validated the Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for mirdametinib for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with NF1-PN. Mirdametinib has the potential to be the first approved therapy for the treatment of adult patients and a best-in-class therapy for children with NF1-PN. “These significant milestones bring us closer to our goal of delivering a transformative medicine to both adults and children with NF1-PN in the U.S. and Europe,” said Saqib Islam, Chief Executive Officer of SpringWorks. “People living with NF1-PN are in need of new advances and we look forward to working with the FDA and EMA during their review processes as we prepare to bring our second medicine to patients suffering from devastating diseases.” The FDA grants Priority Review to applications for medicines that offer, if approved, significant improvements over available options or that provide a treatment option where no adequate therapy currently exists. The FDA and the European Commission have previously granted Orphan Drug designation for mirdametinib for the treatment of NF1. The FDA has also granted Fast Track designation for the treatment of patients ≥ 2 years of age with NF1-PN that are progressing or causing significant morbidity and Rare Pediatric Disease designation for the treatment of NF1. “Plexiform neurofibromas may sit next to or surround vital organs and can cause serious medical complications for patients. While progress has been made, there remains a pressing need for more treatment options, particularly for adults who currently have no approved therapy,” said Annette Bakker, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of the Children’s Tumor Foundation (CTF) and Board Chair of CTF Europe. “CTF is dedicated to deploying its time, talent and funding towards accelerating the development of new treatments. We congratulate our long-term partner SpringWorks on this important milestone and we are thrilled that patients in the United States and Europe could soon have a new therapy available to them. Both submissions include data from the pivotal Phase 2b ReNeu trial, which evaluated mirdametinib in patients ≥ 2 years of age with NF1-associated PN causing significant morbidity. Results were presented in an oral presentation at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting and demonstrated that mirdametinib treatment resulted in robust objective response rates confirmed by blinded independent central review, deep and durable responses, improvement in pain and health-related quality of life as well as a manageable safety profile across both the adult and pediatric cohorts.1 ReNeu (NCT03962543) is an ongoing, multi-center, open-label Phase 2b trial evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of mirdametinib in patients ≥ 2 years of age with an inoperable NF1-associated PN causing significant morbidity. The study enrolled 114 patients to receive mirdametinib at a dose of 2 mg/m2 twice daily (maximum dose of 4 mg twice daily) without regard to food. Mirdametinib was administered orally in a 3-week on, 1-week off dosing schedule as either a capsule or dispersible tablet. The primary endpoint is confirmed objective response rate assessed by proportion of patients with ≥ 20% reduction in target tumor volume on consecutive scans during the 24 cycle treatment phase, as measured by MRI and assessed by blinded independent central review. Secondary endpoints include safety and tolerability, duration of response, and changes in patient reported outcomes from baseline to Cycle 13. The treatment phase of the trial is complete and results were presented at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting. Patients who completed the treatment phase were eligible to continue receiving treatment in the optional long-term follow up portion of the study, which is ongoing. About NF1-PN Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare genetic disorder that arises from loss-of-function variants in the NF1 gene, which encodes for neurofibromin, a key suppressor of the MAPK pathway.2,3 NF1 is the most common form of neurofibromatosis, with an estimated global birth incidence of approximately 1 in 2,500 individuals, and approximately 100,000 patients living with NF1 in the United States.4,5 The clinical course of NF1 is heterogeneous and manifests as a variety of symptoms across numerous organ systems, including abnormal skin pigmentation, skeletal deformities, tumor growth, and neurological complications such as cognitive impairment.6 Patients with NF1 have an 8 to 15-year mean reduction in their life expectancy compared to the general population.3 NF1 patients have approximately a 30-50% lifetime risk of developing plexiform neurofibromas, or PN, which are tumors that grow in an infiltrative pattern along the peripheral nerve sheath and that can cause severe disfigurement, pain and functional impairment; in rare cases, NF1-PN may be fatal.7,8 NF1-PNs are most often diagnosed in the first two decades of life.7 These tumors can be aggressive and are associated with clinically significant morbidities; typically, they grow more rapidly during childhood.9,10 Surgical removal of these tumors is challenging due to the infiltrative tumor growth pattern along nerves and can lead to permanent nerve damage and disfigurement.11 MEK inhibitors have emerged as a validated class of treatment for NF1-PN.12 Mirdametinib is a potent, oral, CNS-penetrant, allosteric small molecule MEK inhibitor in development as a monotherapy treatment for neurofibromatosis type 1-associated plexiform neurofibromas (NF1-PN) and low-grade glioma (LGG), and as a combination therapy for the treatment of several subsets of biomarker-defined metastatic solid tumors. Mirdametinib is an investigational drug for which safety and efficacy have not been established. Mirdametinib is designed to inhibit MEK1 and MEK2, which occupy pivotal positions in the MAPK pathway. The MAPK pathway is a key signaling network that regulates cell growth and survival and plays a central role in multiple cancers and rare diseases when genetically altered. The FDA and the European Commission have granted Orphan Drug designation for mirdametinib for the treatment of NF1. The FDA has also granted Fast Track designation for the treatment of patients ≥ 2 years of age with NF1-PN that are progressing or causing significant morbidity and Rare Pediatric Disease designation for the treatment of NF1. SpringWorks is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company applying a precision medicine approach to developing and delivering life-changing medicines for people with severe rare diseases and cancer. OGSIVEO® (nirogacestat), approved in the United States for the treatment of adult patients with progressing desmoid tumors who require systemic treatment, is the Company’s first FDA-approved therapy. SpringWorks also has a diversified targeted therapy pipeline spanning solid tumors and hematological cancers, with programs ranging from preclinical development through advanced clinical trials. In addition to its wholly owned programs, SpringWorks has also entered into multiple collaborations with innovators in industry and academia to unlock the full potential for its portfolio and create more solutions for patients in need. References Moertel C, et al., ReNeu: A pivotal phase 2b trial of mirdametinib in children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated symptomatic inoperable plexiform neurofibroma (PN). Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, 3016-3016(2024). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.3016. The American Society of Clinical Oncology Abstract 3016. May 2024. Yap YS, McPherson JR, Ong CK, et al. The NF1 gene revisited - from bench to bedside. Oncotarget. 2014;5(15):5873-5892. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2194. Rasmussen S, Friedman J. NF1 Gene and Neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(1):33-40. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010118. CTF: Children’s Tumor Foundation. New and Improved: The way to talk about NF. Press release. May 9, 2023. Accessed February 2, 2024. Lee: Lee TJ, et al. Incidence and prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):292. Published 2023 Sep 14. doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02911-2. Weiss BD, Wolters PL, Plotkin SR, et al. NF106: A Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trials Consortium Phase II Trial of the MEK Inhibitor Mirdametinib (PD-0325901) in Adolescents and Adults With NF1-Related Plexiform Neurofibromas. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021;JCO.20.02220.doi.org/10. 1200/JCO.20.02220. Prada: Prada CE, Rangwala FA, Martin LJ, et al. Pediatric plexiform neurofibromas: impact on morbidity and mortality in neurofibromatosis type 1. J Pediatr. 2012;160(3):461-467. Miller: Miller DT, et al. Health Supervision for Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Pediatrics. 2019;143(5):e20190660. Gross A, Singh G, Akshintala S, et al. Association of plexiform neurofibroma volume changes and development of clinical morbidities in neurofibromatosis 1. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(12):1643-1651. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noy067. Nguyen R, Dombi E, Widemann B, et al. Growth dynamics of plexiform neurofibromas: a retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7(1):75. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-75. Needle M, Cnaan A, Dattilo J, et al. Prognostic signs in the surgical management of plexiform neurofibroma: The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia experience, 1974-1994. J Pediatr. 1997;131(5):678-682. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70092-1. Ferner R. Neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2: a twenty first century perspective. The Lancet Neurology. 2007;6(4):340-351. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70075-3. The content above comes from the network. if any infringement, please contact us to modify.