Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences

Fractures occurring in the elbow region of children and adolescents pose a notable challenge for orthopedic surgeons due to the complex anatomy and developmental stages of the humerus. Capitulum fractures, a rare form of elbow injury, are classified into three types according to the Bryan and Morrey classification system. Monteggia fractures, a rare occurrence in children, involve a combination of ulna break and radial head dislocation, with Monteggia equivalent fractures expanding upon traditional classifications. The distinction lies in Monteggia equivalent fractures (MEFs) not always involving proximal radioulnar joint separation. Pediatric cases are further complicated by immature radiocapitellar epiphysis, potentially leading to misdiagnosis or neglect due to concealed joint presentation. This article highlights these rare elbow injuries, emphasizing the need for specialized attention and management. This article presents a case series of four patients with rare elbow injuries that were diagnosed and treated operatively and followed until union with acceptable functional outcome, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and treatment in such cases. Fractures around the elbow in children present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to complex anatomy. Capitulum and Monteggia equivalent fractures require careful management to prevent complications. Prompt recognition and treatment, be it closed reduction or open reduction, are crucial for optimal outcomes. Further research on neglected lateral humeral condyle (LHC) fractures is needed to inform clinical decisions.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus, having a significant impact on the quality of life of patients and indeed putting an enormous burden on health care systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries like India. Understanding socio-demographic risk factors is, therefore, essential in designing successful prevention strategies adapted to the Indian population.

The duration was one year, and the study was conducted in India on 150 cases. Cases consisted of patients with diabetic foot ulcers, while controls were diabetic patients without foot ulcers, consisting of 75 cases and 75 controls, respectively. Information on socio-demographic variables, history, and lifestyle factors was collected through structured interviews and medical records. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors independently associated with DFU.

Low socioeconomic status was significantly associated with an increased risk of DFU (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 2.1–5.7), as were poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8%) (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.9–4.8), living in a rural area (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.8–4.1), and lack of formal education (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.5–3.5). Risk factors were smoking, diabetes of more than 10 years’ duration, and history of bad foot care practice.

Socioeconomic disparities and lack of awareness about diabetic foot care contribute significantly to the DFU burden in India. Targeted interventions, education, better glycemic control, and accessible health services are ultimately needed to manage this potentially preventable complication.

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem among Indian women, often being underdiagnosed until the occurrence of fractures. Socio-demographic factors associated with the risk of osteoporosis may be identified for early detection and prevention.

A total of 150 Indian women, aged 30–60 years, were selected for this study. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were analyzed using a regression model to predict the risk of osteoporosis. Age, education, income, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and dietary calcium intake were assessed as predictors of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the outcome variable.

Advanced age (OR = 2.3, P < 0.01), low BMI (<18.5 kg/m²) (OR = 3.8, P < 0.01), and low dietary calcium intake (<500 mg/day) (OR = 2.7, P < 0.05) were significant predictors of osteoporosis. Socio-economic factors are also linked to education level and income, which contributed to risk stratification.

The regression model identifies a few important socio-demographic factors that determine risk factors for osteoporosis in Indian women. These findings thus emphasize targeted awareness programs and preventive interventions to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in at-risk groups.