University of Karachi

The goal of this interventional study is to assess the effect of drug metformin in improving the fertility hormones and reducing the inflammatory hormones in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. We wish to answer the question whether metformin is necessary to improve PCOS symptoms versus simple lifestyle modification.
Participants once diagnosed with PCOS will be given metformin to be sued for 8 weeks. They will be asked to provide blood samples on day 0 and after 8 weeks of metformin use. The blood sample will be used to measure the hormonal and inflammatory profile. In addition, they will be required to compete a questionnaire regarding symptoms such as decrease in facial hair growth, improvement in menstrual cycle etc.

The goal of this Randomized control trial (clinical trial) is to learn about the effect of Exercise therapy on Type II Diabetic Neuropathic Patient in Pakistan ,40-70 year's old patient, will be refer by physicians.
Exclusion criteria of the study will lower extremity complications such as fracture, having experience dislocation at least six months prior to the study, having any history of surgical operations in muscles, bones, and joints of lower extremities, suffering from musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and myopathy, middle ear and vestibular impairments (patients' self-report), knee joint flexion contracture, and interruption of the intervention sessions for more than two days..
The main question it aims to answer are:
1. To compare the effects of two therapeutic exercises on clinical balance measures on type II diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients.
2. Effectiveness of exercises using Swiss ball in lowering waist circumference, and BMI.
3. Effectiveness of exercises on fasting blood sugar (FBS), post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS), and glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) among Type II diabetic patients.
4. Effectiveness of exercises on autonomic nervous system activity on type II diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients.
5. Comparative effects of two therapeutic exercises and control group on Neuropathy.
By using random allocation, the participants will divided into three groups: an intervention group (N=30) that receive ball training exercise, another intervention group (N=30) that receive Frenkel training exercise and a control group (N=30).
Each exercise session contain 5 min warm-up (stationary bike), 45 min exercise training (with 1 minute rest for every 5 minutes of exercise), and 5 min of cool down activities including stretching of the muscles involved in balance exercise (gluteal, erector spine, hamstring, rectus femorus, gastro soleus, and pectoral muscles). This make the participants' heart rate stable and prepare their muscles for optimal activity.

The prevalence of chronic low back pain (CLBP) among the Pakistani population is reported to be as high as 78% leading towards different physiological and psychosocial alterations with the worst cases suffering from disabilities. CLBP is a multifactorial phenomenon in which age, gender, comorbidities, lifestyle conditions, profession, working hours, and different stressors play their roles in its causation. However, different therapeutic techniques have been determined to reduce CLBP. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the biofeedback surface EMG (sEMG) technique in reducing chronic low back pain among sufferers in the long run.