Alzahra University

Printed form of polymeric nanomaterials in formation, crosslinking, structure, properties, toxicity and biocompatibility refers to the application of nanotechnology and 3D printing techniques to fabricate polymeric nanomaterials with specific physicochemical and biomedical features. In this regard, applications of 3D printing techniques, specifically for production of 3D scaffold have received huge attention in diabetes and bacterial infections. This review has tried to address recent advances and challenges related to applications of biocompatible polymeric nanomaterials in 3D printing techniques to ameliorate bacterial infections and diabetes. The applications of metal/metal oxide such as silver, gold, zinc, and titanium dioxide, and polymeric nanoparticles can augment the antimicrobial and degradation characteristics of 3D-printed scaffolds. The rapid advancements in 3D bio-printed scaffolds, specifically by artificial intelligence (AI) present a transformative landscape for diabetes treatment, addressing the complex challenges associated with impaired wound healing and tissue regeneration in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Sleep is a fundamental necessity for humans and other living beings. Throughout history, many thinkers have sought to understand its complexities. Avicenna, in his works, elucidates the nature and mechanism of sleep from two angles: "sleeping," as an essential process for sentient beings, and "dreams," which reflect the effects of sleep on human life and health. This article explores sleep through Avicenna's lens, examining its philosophical, psychological, and medical foundations. It begins with a definition of sleep, followed by an analysis of its causes, manifestations, and types, including natural, unnatural, and artificial. The findings indicate that Avicenna was a pioneer in studying altered states of perception within the imagination, showcasing his understanding of hypnotic sleep and its therapeutic applications for disorders like melancholy.