Bahcesehir University

There are many studies in the literature on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and controlled breathing exercises (CBE), but there are limited studies examining the effects of both interventions on performance and the autonomic nervous system.
The investigators aim to contribute to the literature by examining the effects of VNS and CBE on performance and the autonomic nervous system in moderately physically active individuals and their superiority over each other.

Forward head posture (FHP) is a prevalent postural misalignment commonly attributed to prolonged exposure to poor ergonomic conditions and insufficient physical activity. This condition adversely affects craniovertebral angle (CVA), cervical muscle activity, and upper extremity function, ultimately compromising overall physical health and quality of life. Current literature highlights the corrective effects of McKenzie exercises on postural awareness and cervical alignment, while standard neck exercises are frequently employed to address muscular imbalances and alleviate posture-related pain and functional limitations. However, studies that directly compare these two exercise approaches in individuals with FHP particularly in terms of their short-term effects on craniovertebral angle, hand grip strength, and psychosocial outcomes remain scarce. Accordingly, the present study aims to fill this critical gap by conducting a multidimensional analysis of the immediate effects of McKenzie versus standard neck exercise programs in individuals with FHP, thereby contributing meaningful insights to clinical rehabilitation practices.

The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effects of Structured Pelvic Floor Muscle Rehabilitation (SPFMR) in children with Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis (PMNE) who are undergoing desmopressin asetat (DDAVP) treatment prescribed by a pediatric urologist. The study aims to investigate whether SPFMR can reduce the frequency and severity of enuresis episodes and whether it can also reduce relapse rates in the short- and long-term follow-up. The main questions the study seeks to answer are:
* Does SPFMR reduce the frequency and severity of enuresis episodes in children with PMNE?
* Does SPFMR treatment reduce relapse rates in children with PMNE in the long term? Researchers will compare the group receiving SPFMR in addition to DDAVP treatment with a control group receiving only DDAVP treatment. This comparison will help evaluate the effect of SPFMR on the severity of enuresis episodes and relapse rates.
Participants will:
* Receive DDAVP treatment (SPFMR group and Control group)
* Participate in SPFMR sessions ( SPFMR group)
* Keep a diary of enuresis frequency and severity
* Assess relapse during short- and long-term follow-up
The hypotheses of the study are:
H0: Adding SPFMR to desmopressin treatment for children with PMNE has no short-term effect on the severity of enuresis episodes.
H1: Adding SPFMR to desmopressin treatment for children with PMNE has a short-term effect on the severity of enuresis episodes.
H0: Adding SPFMR to desmopressin treatment for children with PMNE has no long-term effect on the severity of enuresis episodes.
H2: Adding SPFMR to desmopressin treatment for children with PMNE has a long-term effect on the severity of enuresis episodes.