Universidade Estácio de Sá

The present study investigated for the first time the influence of exposure time (24 or 48 h) of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), strain HP88, on some physiological and reproductive parameters of the host mollusk. Throughout the experiment, intense glycogenolysis was observed in both exposed groups, which was more accentuated in the digestive gland. This change was accompanied by a significant increase in the free glucose content in the exposed snails, indicating that H. bacteriophora infection induces the breakdown of host glycemic homeostasis. In parallel, significant variations in lactate dehydrogenase activity in the hemolymph of B. glabrata exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes were observed, confirming the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism in the hosts. This physiological scenario contributed to the establishment of the parasitic castration process in this interface, compromising the reproductive performance of host snails, suggesting the use of H. bacteriophora HP88 as a potential alternative for control of B. glabrata.

Lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues are a valuable source for oligosaccharide production, supporting the biorefinery concept and advancing innovative production strategies. This review focuses on xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production from various lignocellulosic residues, focusing on xylan as a primary feedstock. It discusses conventional methods (acid hydrolysis, autohydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis) and novel approaches (submerged fermentation, solid-state fermentation, deep eutectic solvents), evaluating their benefits, challenges, and optimization potential. The prebiotic activity of XOS, as well as its physicochemical, technological, and sensory properties, underscores its suitability for food applications. The review also explores regulatory frameworks, especially in Brazil, and market insights that influence the commercial value and growth of XOS. Despite growing interest, no standardized production process exists. Moreover, process conditions and feedstock selection remain critical for optimizing yields. Further research is essential to developing more efficient, standardized, and sustainable methods, alongside in vivo studies to ensure regulatory compliance, unlocking the full potential of XOS in the food industry and other sectors.

Severe COVID‐19 is associated with increased prothrombotic and inflammatory responses, necessitating effective anticoagulation therapy. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are being explored as potential alternatives to low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH). This retrospective observational cohort study compared the effectiveness and safety of NOACs and LMWH in reducing mortality among 76 critically ill, unvaccinated patients with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The cohort included 41 patients treated with LMWH and 35 with NOACs during their ICU stay. The primary outcomes was mortality, while secondary outcomes included deep vein thrombosis (DVT), bleeding episodes, and transfusion rates. Baseline characteristics, including demographic data and severity scores, were similar between the groups (mean age: LMWH, 74.5 ± 15.1 years [59% male]; NOAC, 71.6 ± 14.8 years [60% male]). Mortality was significantly higher in the LMWH group (51.21% [95% confidence interval (CI): 36.4–65.7]) compared to the NOAC group (20% [95% CI: 10.0–35.9]; p = 0.005), with standardized mortality ratios of 1.61 and 0.71, respectively (p = 0.004). Elevated d‐dimer levels were strongly associated with an increased risk of mortality. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurred in 9.76% of patients in the LMWH group and 5.71% of those in the NOAC group (p = 0.68). Bleeding and transfusion rates were comparable between the groups. The use of NOACs was associated with a significantly lower mortality rate compared to LMWH in critically ill COVID‐19 patients, reflecting an 81% reduction in the risk of death. These findings highlight the potential benefits of NOACs in the management of severe COVID‐19 and underscore the need for further research to optimize anticoagulation strategies and improve patient outcomes.