Article
Author: Isometsä, Erkki T ; Pinna, Marco ; Yalcinkaya, Oguz Kaan ; Grof, Paul ; Fagiolini, Andrea ; Houenou, Josselin ; Crowe, Marie ; Reif, Andreas ; Kardell, Mathias ; Stein, Dan J ; Ivkovic, Maja ; Behere, Prakash B ; Agaoglu, Esen ; Bellivier, Frank ; Melle, Ingrid ; Baethge, Christopher ; Vaaler, Arne E ; Cappucciati, Marco ; Tuinstra, Daniel ; Ayhan, Yavuz ; Rasgon, Natalie ; Koval, Michael ; Lafer, Beny ; Yoldi-Negrete, Maria ; Nielsen, René Ernst ; Mahardika, Agustine ; Scippa, Angela M ; Meza-Urzúa, Fátima ; Bjella, Thomas D ; Kunz, Mauricio ; Tondo, Leonardo ; Alda, Martin ; Dallaspezia, Sara ; Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet ; Cuomo, Alessandro ; Mythri, Starlin V ; Viswanath, Biju ; Ardau, Raffaella ; Pfennig, Andrea ; MacKenzie, Alan ; Moorthy, Muthukumaran ; Balaban, Ceylan ; Johnsen, Simon ; Belete, Habte ; Belete, Tilahun ; McLoughlin, Declan M ; Madsen, Simone Alberte Kongstad A ; Benedetti, Francesco ; Manchia, Mirko ; Nadella, Ravi K ; Smith, José ; Haarman, Bartholomeus C M ; Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim ; Berk, Michael ; Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana ; Andreassen, Ole A ; Belizario, Gabriel Okawa ; Hasse-Sousa, Mathias ; Gitlin, Michael J ; Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos ; Behere, Aniruddh P ; Bersudsky, Yuly ; Achtyes, Eric D ; Lenger, Melanie ; Pantovic-Stefanovic, Maja ; Imbesi, Massimiliano ; Sathyaputri, Leela ; Landén, Mikael ; Nacef, Fethi ; Marsh, Wendy ; Angelopoulos, Elias ; Chen, Wei-Ling ; Porter, Richard J ; Kapczinski, Flávio ; Fellendorf, Frederike T ; Smith, Daniel ; Rybakowski, Janusz K ; Mashima, Yuki ; Henry, Chantal ; Tanra, Andi J ; Petite, Joanne ; Larsen, Erik R ; Osher, Yamima ; Petzold, Johannes ; Kot, Timur L ; Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka ; Brady, Conan ; O'Donovan, Claire ; Etain, Bruno ; Suominen, Kirsi ; Licht, Rasmus W ; Omrani, Adel ; Strejilevich, Sergio ; Kessing, Lars Vedel ; Glenn, Tasha ; Young, Allan H ; Mosca, Enrica ; Belmaker, Robert H ; Chiesa, Silvia ; Ritter, Philipp ; Quiroz, Danilo ; König, Barbara ; Bauer, Rita ; Kim, Seong Jae ; Dodd, Seetal ; Gottlieb, John F ; Vieta, Eduard ; Janno, Sven ; Subramaniam, Mythily ; Cheung, Eric Y W ; Torrent, Carla ; Stackhouse, Paul W ; Teh, Wen Lin ; Zgueb, Yosra ; Pompili, Maurizio ; Morken, Gunnar ; Baune, Bernhard T ; Castro, Angela Marianne Paredes ; Simhandl, Christian ; Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa ; Ramesar, Raj ; Del Zompo, Maria ; Nakanotani, Takako ; Redahan, Maria ; Ratta-Apha, Woraphat ; Mikolas, Pavol ; Madsen, Helle Østergaard ; Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Monica ; Ratzenhofer, Michaela ; Fountoulakis, Kostas N ; Hoffding, Lone ; Stilwell, Kellen ; Whybrow, Peter C ; Reddy, M S ; Martini, Julia ; Mok, Yee Ming ; Munoz, Rodrigo ; Frye, Mark A ; Mahadevan, Jayant ; Karakatsoulis, Gregory N ; Fiedorowicz, Jess G ; Reininghaus, Eva Z ; Ouali, Uta ; Ruiz, Yolanda Pica ; Harima, Hirohiko ; Bauer, Michael ; Monteith, Scott ; Bicakci, Şule ; Geoffroy, Pierre A ; Pariwatcharakul, Pornjira ; Cabrera, Jorge ; Richards, Jenny Gringer ; Aydin, Memduha ; Su, Kuan-Pin ; Martiny, Klaus ; Mozzhegorov, Anton A ; Altınbaş, Kürsat ; Desai, Pratikkumar ; Uchida, Takahito ; Rabelo-da-Ponte, Francisco Diego ; Meesters, Ybe ; Becerra-Palars, Claudia
BACKGROUNDSunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation that triggers the production of vitamin D by skin. Vitamin D has widespread effects on brain function in both developing and adult brains. However, many people live at latitudes (about > 40 N or S) that do not receive enough UVB in winter to produce vitamin D. This exploratory study investigated the association between the age of onset of bipolar I disorder and the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production in a large global sample.METHODSData for 6972 patients with bipolar I disorder were obtained at 75 collection sites in 41 countries in both hemispheres. The best model to assess the relation between the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production and age of onset included 1 or more months below the threshold, family history of mood disorders, and birth cohort. All coefficients estimated at P ≤ 0.001.RESULTSThe 6972 patients had an onset in 582 locations in 70 countries, with a mean age of onset of 25.6 years. Of the onset locations, 34.0% had at least 1 month below the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production. The age of onset at locations with 1 or more months of less than or equal to the threshold for UVB was 1.66 years younger.CONCLUSIONUVB and vitamin D may have an important influence on the development of bipolar disorder. Study limitations included a lack of data on patient vitamin D levels, lifestyles, or supplement use. More study of the impacts of UVB and vitamin D in bipolar disorder is needed to evaluate this supposition.