Guangxi University

The Taiwan-I-type infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has become one of the most dominant and threatening genotypes circulating in China poultry farms. In this study, we characterized the Taiwan-I-type IBV strain GX-NN200723 and evaluated its pathogenicity and vaccine potential. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses revealed that the strain shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the vaccine strain QXL87 and originated from a recombination event between CK/CH/LSC-99I (major parent) and TW2575/98 (I) (minor parent) within the S1 gene region. Notably, epitope mapping showed significant differences in the number and sequence of antigenic sites compared to commonly used vaccine strains (H120, 4/91, QXL87, LDT3-A), and these differences may largely account for the poor cross-protection and frequent vaccine failures observed in the field. Pathogenicity assessment in 7-day-old SPF chicks demonstrated broad tissue tropism of the strain, causing 30% mortality along with severe reproductive disorders, notably, testicular atrophy in males was observed for the first time in Taiwan-I-type IBV. Furthermore, an oil-emulsified inactivated vaccine (OEIV) developed from the GX-NN200723 strain induced strong humoral and cell-dependent immune responses. Protective efficacy was only evaluated against homologous challenge in this study, the GX-NN200723-OEIV group exhibited 100% survival, the mildest clinical signs, minimal pathological damage, and the lowest viral shedding among all immunized groups. These findings support the use of the GX-NN200723-OEIV as a promising candidate vaccine for controlling Taiwan-I-type IBV infection. This study provides critical insights into the evolution, pathogenesis, and immunization strategies against this economically significant poultry pathogen.

High‐entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) integrate multielement synergy with structural disorder, making them promising candidates for water splitting. Their distinctive features—including flexible coordination environments, tunable electronic structures, abundant unsaturated active sites, and dynamic structural reassembly—collectively enhance electrochemical activity and durability under operating conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in HEACs for hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and overall water splitting, highlighting their disorder-driven advantages over crystalline counterparts. Catalytic performance benchmarks are presented, and mechanistic insights are discussed, focusing on how multimetallic synergy, amorphization effect, and in‐situ reconstruction cooperatively regulate reaction pathways. These insights provide guidance for the rational design of next‐generation amorphous high‐entropy electrocatalysts with improved efficiency and durability.

The rapid advancement of flexible electronics technology has placed higher demands on the structural design and performance regulation of elastic materials. Cellulosic elastomers, with their biodegradability, renewability, and tunability, emerge as ideal candidate materials. Entropy-driven self-assembly promotes the spontaneous formation of ordered structures, serving as a crucial pathway for optimizing cellulose elastomer properties. However, the structure–property relationship between the self-assembled ordered structures of cellulose elastomers and their mechanical and electrical properties remains insufficiently explored. It hinders the expansion of their applications in electronic devices. This paper systematically reviews the structure–property regulation mechanisms of self-assembled cellulosic elastomers from an entropy-driven perspective. It elucidates the application principles and performance optimization strategies for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, while also exploring the challenges and prospects for performance enhancement. This work provides a reference for the development of self-assembled cellulosic elastomers in the field of energy devices.