Brain Infarction

Transplant recipients show better physical, school, and social functioning than those receiving transfusions and medications alone LBA-5: Outcome of Cerebral Vasculopathy and Cognitive Performances 10 Years Post-Enrollment in the Drepagreffe Trial Comparing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation to Standard-Care in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia and History of Abnormal Cerebral Velocities SAN DIEGO, Dec. 10, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Children who received a stem cell transplant for sickle cell disease (SCD) experienced better quality of life outcomes and cognitive performance 10 years after their transplant compared with children who received chronic transfusion therapy and the SCD drug hydroxyurea but did not undergo a stem cell transplant. This is according to new study results presented during the 66th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting and Exposition. The findings reflect 10-year outcomes from the DREPAGREFFE-1 trial, which ran from 2010-2013 in France, and was the first head-to-head comparison of allogeneic stem cell transplantation versus standard of care for children with SCD. Combined with the study's one-year and three-year outcomes, the 10-year findings further strengthen the evidence in favor of stem cell transplantation for reducing complications and improving the overall outlook for people living with SCD, according to the researchers. "This trial demonstrated that following stem cell transplantation, patients had a better quality of life, not only for physical functioning but also for social and school functioning," said the study's lead author, Françoise Bernaudin, MD, a physician at Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Université Paris-Est, in France. "We found that these patients can have a greater ability to do sports and run, attained higher academic degrees, are not anxious about their future, and experience less anger and less difficulty with memory compared with those who received chronic transfusions and hydroxyurea." SCD is an inherited blood disorder that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, impeding the flow of blood and reducing the ability for blood to carry oxygen to tissues and organs. This results in episodes of acute pain as well as long-term damage, causing a range of complications throughout life and increasing the risk of premature death. One common SCD complication is abnormally high cerebral arterial velocities, an indicator of stenosis presence or reduced oxygen delivery to the brain, which can be associated with a greater risk of strokes and cognitive problems. DREPAGREFFE-1 enrolled 67 children between ages five to 15 who were receiving chronic blood transfusions to prevent complications from abnormal cerebral arterial velocities. Those with a matched sibling donor (n=32) were transplanted while those without a matched sibling donor (n=35) continued their transfusions and then switched to hydroxyurea in absence of stenosis and if their cerebral arterial velocities normalized. At one and three years, those who received a stem cell transplant showed significant improvements in several measures compared with those who did not receive a transplant, but at those timepoints there was no difference in the presence of ischemic lesions (blood clots that block blood flow in the brain) or cognitive performance. In the subsequent years, researchers continued to follow up with study participants, including through clinical evaluations, brain scans, and tools for assessing quality of life and cognitive functioning. At 10 years, quality of life scores related to physical, school, and social functioning were significantly higher among those who received a stem cell transplant. For cognitive performance, participants who received a stem cell transplant showed significantly better performance on tests used to assess working memory and processing speed. There was no difference between groups in terms of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, or emotional quality of life scores. The researchers also assessed trends in the rate of silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) – a type of small stroke that is visible on a brain scan but causes no obvious symptoms. While it is unclear whether SCIs influence cognitive functioning, they are considered to be a sign of increased SCD severity and complications. SCIs were found in 18 participants at the time of enrollment; at 10 years, five additional patients had developed silent cerebral infarcts in the standard-of-care arm compared to zero in the stem cell transplant arm. Taken together, researchers said that the study findings suggest that undergoing stem cell transplantation results in better outcomes for children with SCD compared with chronic transfusions and hydroxyurea. While this can offer additional reassurance for patients, families, and physicians who are considering the procedure, Dr. Bernaudin noted that families should also be aware of the risks of undergoing a stem cell transplant, including infertility, which is a common side effect of the conditioning regimen used to clear the bone marrow in preparation to receive a transplant. She said that fertility preservation procedures are available in France for all patients undergoing stem cell transplantation for SCD at no charge to the families, adding, "with this technique, we hope that the patients will be able to have children after the transplantation." Looking ahead, Dr. Bernaudin said that it would be useful to compare outcomes from haplo-identical stem cell transplant to gene therapy, a type of treatment that has become more widely available since DREPAGREFFE-1 was conducted. She also noted that additional work is needed to further improve transplantation techniques to minimize the risk of complications or treatment failure particularly after haplo-identical transplants in children. This study was sponsored by the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil (CHIC Hospital) in France and was funded by the Agence de Biomédecine and Pfizer. Françoise Bernaudin, MD, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Université Paris-Est, will discuss this study in the Late-Breaking Abstracts session on Tuesday, December 10, 2024, at 7:30 a.m. Pacific time in Hall B (San Diego Convention Center). About the American Society of Hematology The American Society of Hematology (ASH) (hematology.org) is the world's largest professional society of hematologists dedicated to furthering the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders affecting the blood. Since 1958, the Society has led the development of hematology as a discipline by promoting research, patient care, education, training, and advocacy in hematology. The Blood journals () are the premier source for basic, translational, and clinical hematological research. The Blood journals publish more peer-reviewed hematology research than any other academic journals worldwide. 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TOKYO & BASKING RIDGE, N.J.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--The first patient has been dosed in the QuANTUM-Wild phase 3 trial evaluating Daiichi Sankyo’s (TSE: 4568) VANFLYTA ® (quizartinib) in combination with standard intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy followed by single-agent maintenance in adults with newly diagnosed FLT3 -ITD negative acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is an aggressive blood cancer with a five-year overall survival rate of approximately 32%. 1, 2 Targeted therapy with FLT3 inhibitors has improved survival for some patients with FLT3 gene mutations, which most commonly occur as FLT3 -ITD. 3 However, about 90% of patients with AML overexpress FLT3 regardless of mutational status. 1, 4, 5 No FLT3 inhibitors are currently approved for patients without FLT3 mutations. “Preliminary data have shown promising results for VANFLYTA in patients with FLT3 -ITD negative acute myeloid leukemia, which includes patients without FLT3 mutations and patients with TKD mutations,” said Mark Rutstein, MD, Global Head, Oncology Clinical Development, Daiichi Sankyo. “We have initiated the QuANTUM-Wild trial to further confirm the potential role of VANFLYTA combined with standard chemotherapy and as subsequent maintenance monotherapy in this broader population of patients with AML who are in need of new treatment options to potentially reduce the risk of relapse and improve overall survival.” The QuANTUM-Wild trial was initiated based on results of the QUIWI phase 2 trial evaluating VANFLYTA in combination with standard intensive chemotherapy and as subsequent maintenance monotherapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed FLT3 -ITD negative AML. The final results of QUIWI were presented at the 2024 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting. 6 About the QuANTUM-Wild Trial QuANTUM-Wild is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled global phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of VANFLYTA in combination with standard intensive induction and consolidation therapy, including allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), followed by maintenance monotherapy, in adult patients aged 18 to 70 with newly diagnosed FLT3 -ITD negative AML. Patients will be randomized 2:2:1 into three treatment arms. In Arms A and B, patients will receive VANFLYTA or placebo, respectively, in combination with cytarabine and anthracycline induction and cytarabine consolidation chemotherapy, followed by up to three years of single-agent maintenance therapy. The primary endpoint for Arms A and B is overall survival. Secondary endpoints include event-free survival, duration of complete response, relapse-free survival, complete remission rate (CR), CR with minimal or measurable residual disease negativity, pharmacokinetic assessments and safety measures including treatment emergent adverse events. For purposes of exploratory analyses in the maintenance setting, patients in a third study arm (Arm C), will receive VANFLYTA in combination with intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy followed by placebo maintenance monotherapy. QuANTUM-Wild is expected to enroll approximately 700 patients across Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. For more information, please visit ClinicalTrials.gov . About Acute Myeloid Leukemia One of the most common forms of leukemia in adults, AML is an aggressive blood cancer with a five-year overall survival rate of approximately 32%. 1, 2, 3 Approximately 144,000 new cases of AML were diagnosed globally with more than 130,000 deaths reported in 2021. 7 Targeted therapy with FLT3 inhibitors has improved survival for some patients with FLT3 gene mutations, which most commonly occur as FLT3 -ITD. 3 However, about 90% of all patients with AML overexpress FLT3 regardless of activating mutations. 1, 4, 5 No FLT3 inhibitors are currently approved for patients without FLT3 mutations. FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that plays an important role in blood cell development but, when constitutively activated, FLT3 can contribute to AML development and growth. 8 About VANFLYTA VANFLYTA is an oral, highly potent and selective type II FLT3 inhibitor approved in more than 30 countries in combination with standard cytarabine and anthracycline induction and standard cytarabine consolidation chemotherapy, and as maintenance monotherapy following consolidation, for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed AML that is FLT3 -ITD positive based on the results from the QuANTUM-First trial. In the U.S., VANFLYTA is not indicated as maintenance monotherapy following allogeneic HSCT; improvement in overall survival with VANFLYTA in this setting has not been demonstrated. VANFLYTA also is approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory AML that is FLT3 -ITD mutation positive, as detected by an approved test, based on results from the QuANTUM-R trial. About the VANFLYTA Clinical Development Program The VANFLYTA clinical development program includes the QuANTUM-Wild phase 3 trial in adult patients with newly diagnosed FLT3 -ITD negative AML, a phase 1/2 trial in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory FLT3 -ITD positive AML in Europe, Asia and North America and several phase 1/2 combination studies as part of a strategic collaboration with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. VANFLYTA U.S. Important Safety Information WARNING: QT PROLONGATION, TORSADES DE POINTES, and CARDIAC ARREST VANFLYTA ® (quizartinib) prolongs the QT interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner. Prior to VANFLYTA administration and periodically, monitor for hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, and correct deficiencies. Perform electrocardiograms (ECGs) to monitor the QTc at baseline, weekly during induction and consolidation therapy, weekly for at least the first month of maintenance, and periodically thereafter. Torsades de pointes and cardiac arrest have occurred in patients receiving VANFLYTA. Do not administer VANFLYTA to patients with severe hypokalemia, severe hypomagnesemia, or long QT syndrome. Do not initiate treatment with VANFLYTA or escalate the VANFLYTA dose if the QT interval corrected by Fridericia’s formula (QTcF) is greater than 450 ms. Monitor ECGs more frequently if concomitant use of drugs known to prolong the QT interval is required. Reduce the VANFLYTA dose when used concomitantly with strong CYP3A inhibitors, as they may increase quizartinib exposure. Because of the risk of QT prolongation, VANFLYTA is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the VANFLYTA REMS. Indication VANFLYTA is indicated in combination with standard cytarabine and anthracycline induction and cytarabine consolidation, and as maintenance monotherapy following consolidation chemotherapy, for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD)–positive as detected by an FDA-approved test. Limitations of Use VANFLYTA is not indicated as maintenance monotherapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); improvement in overall survival with VANFLYTA in this setting has not been demonstrated. Contraindications VANFLYTA is contraindicated in patients with severe hypokalemia, severe hypomagnesemia, long QT syndrome, or in patients with a history of ventricular arrhythmias or torsades de pointes. Warnings and Precautions QT Prolongation, Torsades de Pointes, and Cardiac Arrest (See BOXED WARNING) VANFLYTA prolongs the QT interval in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. The mechanism of QTc interval prolongation is via inhibition of the slow delayed rectifier potassium current, I Ks , as compared to all other medications that prolong the QTc interval, which is via the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current, I Kr . Therefore, the level of QTc prolongation with VANFLYTA that predicts the risk of cardiac arrhythmias is unclear. Inhibition of I Ks and I Kr may leave patients with limited reserve, leading to a higher risk of QT prolongation and serious cardiac arrhythmias, including fatal outcomes. Torsades de pointes, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, and sudden death have occurred in patients treated with VANFLYTA. Of the 1,081 patients with AML treated with VANFLYTA in clinical trials, torsades de pointes occurred in approximately 0.2% of patients, cardiac arrest occurred in 0.6% of patients, including 0.4% with a fatal outcome, and 0.1% of patients experienced ventricular fibrillation. These severe cardiac arrhythmias occurred predominantly during the induction phase. Of the 265 patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD–positive AML treated with VANFLYTA in combination with chemotherapy in the clinical trial, 2.3% were found to have a QTcF greater than 500 ms and 10% of patients had an increase from baseline QTcF greater than 60 ms. The clinical trial excluded patients with a QTcF ≥450 ms or other factors that increased the risk of QT prolongation or arrhythmic events (eg, NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure, hypokalemia, family history of long QT interval syndrome). Therefore, avoid use in patients who are at significant risk of developing torsades de pointes, including uncontrolled or significant cardiac disease, recent myocardial infarction, heart failure, unstable angina, bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled hypertension, high-degree atrioventricular block, severe aortic stenosis, or uncontrolled hypothyroidism. Do not initiate treatment with VANFLYTA if the QTcF interval is greater than 450 ms. Do not use VANFLYTA in patients with severe hypokalemia, severe hypomagnesemia, long QT syndrome, or in patients with a history of ventricular arrhythmias or torsades de pointes. Perform an ECG and correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to initiation of treatment with VANFLYTA. During induction and consolidation, perform an ECG prior to initiation and then once weekly during VANFLYTA treatment or more frequently as clinically indicated. During maintenance, perform ECGs prior to initiation, once weekly for at least the first month following dose initiation and escalation, and as clinically indicated thereafter. Do not escalate the dose if QTcF is greater than 450 ms. Perform ECG monitoring of the QT interval more frequently in patients who are at significant risk of developing QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes, or following dose escalation. Monitor and correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia prior to and during treatment with VANFLYTA. Maintain electrolytes in the normal range. Monitor electrolytes and ECGs more frequently in patients who experience diarrhea or vomiting. Monitor patients more frequently with ECGs if coadministration of VANFLYTA with drugs known to prolong the QT interval is required. Reduce the VANFLYTA dose when used concomitantly with strong CYP3A inhibitors, as they may increase quizartinib exposure. Reduce VANFLYTA if QTc increases to greater than 480 ms and less than 500 ms. Interrupt and reduce VANFLYTA if QTc increases to greater than 500 ms. Permanently discontinue VANFLYTA in patients who develop recurrent QTc greater than 500 ms or QTc interval prolongation with signs or symptoms of life-threatening arrhythmia. VANFLYTA is available only through a restricted program under a REMS. VANFLYTA REMS VANFLYTA is available only through a restricted distribution program under a REMS called the VANFLYTA REMS because of the serious risk of QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest. Notable requirements of the VANFLYTA REMS include the following: Prescribers must be certified in the VANFLYTA REMS by enrolling and completing training. Prescribers must counsel patients receiving VANFLYTA about the risk of QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest, and provide patients with a Patient Wallet Card. Pharmacies that dispense VANFLYTA must be certified with the VANFLYTA REMS and must verify prescribers are certified through the VANFLYTA REMS. Further information about the VANFLYTA REMS is available at www.VANFLYTAREMS.com or by telephone at 1-855-212-6670. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with VANFLYTA and for 7 months after the last dose. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with VANFLYTA and for 4 months after the last dose. Adverse Reactions The safety of VANFLYTA (35.4 mg orally once daily with chemotherapy, 26.5 mg to 53 mg orally once daily as maintenance) in adult patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD positive AML is based on QuANTUM-First. Serious adverse reactions in ≥5% of patients who received VANFLYTA plus chemotherapy were: febrile neutropenia (11%). Fatal adverse reactions occurred in 10% of patients who received VANFLYTA plus chemotherapy, including sepsis (5%), fungal infections (0.8%), brain edema (0.8%), and one case each of febrile neutropenia, pneumonia, cerebral infarction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, ventricular dysfunction, and cardiac arrest. Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction in patients in the VANFLYTA plus chemotherapy arm occurred in 20% of patients. The most frequent (≥2%) adverse reaction which resulted in permanent discontinuation in the VANFLYTA arm was sepsis (5%). Dosage interruptions of VANFLYTA due to an adverse reaction occurred in 34% of patients. Adverse reactions which required dosage interruption in ≥2% of patients in the VANFLYTA arm included neutropenia (11%), thrombocytopenia (5%), and myelosuppression (3%). Dose reductions of VANFLYTA due to an adverse reaction occurred in 19% of patients. Adverse reactions which required dosage reductions in ≥2% of patients in the VANFLYTA arm were neutropenia (9%), thrombocytopenia (5%), and electrocardiogram QT prolonged (4%). The most common adverse reactions (≥10% with a difference between arms of ≥2% compared to placebo), including laboratory abnormalities, were decreased lymphocytes, decreased potassium, decreased albumin, decreased phosphorus, increased alkaline phosphatase, decreased magnesium, febrile neutropenia, diarrhea, mucositis, nausea, decreased calcium, abdominal pain, sepsis, neutropenia, headache, increased creatine phosphokinase, vomiting, upper respiratory tract infections, hypertransaminasemia, thrombocytopenia, decreased appetite, fungal infections, epistaxis, increased potassium, herpesvirus infections, insomnia, QT prolongation, increased magnesium, increased sodium, dyspepsia, anemia, and eye irritation. Drug Interactions Strong CYP3A Inhibitors VANFLYTA is a CYP3A substrate. Concomitant use of VANFLYTA with a strong CYP3A inhibitor increases quizartinib systemic exposure, which may increase the risk of VANFLYTA adverse reactions. Reduce the dosage of VANFLYTA. Strong or Moderate CYP3A Inducers Concomitant use of VANFLYTA with strong or moderate CYP3A inducers decreases quizartinib systemic exposure, which may reduce VANFLYTA efficacy. Avoid concomitant use of VANFLYTA with strong or moderate CYP3A inducers. QT Interval–Prolonging Drugs VANFLYTA prolongs the QT/QTc interval. Coadministration of VANFLYTA with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may further increase the incidence of QT prolongation. Monitor patients more frequently with ECG if coadministration of VANFLYTA with drugs known to prolong the QT interval is required. Use in Specific Populations Pregnancy VANFLYTA can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. Lactation Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with VANFLYTA and for one month after the last dose. Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Pregnancy Testing Verify pregnancy status in females of reproductive potential within 7 days before starting treatment with VANFLYTA. Contraception Females Advise female patients of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with VANFLYTA and for 7 months after the last dose. Males Advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with VANFLYTA and for 4 months after the last dose. Infertility Females Based on findings from animal studies, VANFLYTA may impair female fertility. These effects on fertility were reversible. Males Based on findings from animal studies, VANFLYTA may impair male fertility. These effects on fertility were reversible. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of VANFLYTA have not been established in pediatric patients. Geriatric Use No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed between patients 65 years of age and older and younger adult patients. Renal Impairment No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 to 89 mL/min). VANFLYTA has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 mL/min). Hepatic Impairment No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with mild hepatic impairment or moderate hepatic impairment. VANFLYTA has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Daiichi Sankyo, Inc, at 1-877-437-7763 or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or fda.gov/medwatch . Please see Full Prescribing Information , including Boxed WARNINGS, and Medication Guide . About Daiichi Sankyo Daiichi Sankyo is an innovative global healthcare company contributing to the sustainable development of society that discovers, develops and delivers new standards of care to enrich the quality of life around the world. With more than 120 years of experience, Daiichi Sankyo leverages its world-class science and technology to create new modalities and innovative medicines for people with cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases with high unmet medical need. For more information, please visit www.daiichisankyo.com . References 1 Kennedy VE, et al. Front Oncol . 2020;10:612880. 2 National Cancer Institute SEER Program. Cancer Stat Facts: Leukemia - Acute Myeloid Leukemia . 3 Loschi M, et al. Int J Mol Sci . 2021;22(11):5873. 4 Li Y, et al. Blood . 2004;104(4):1137-44. 5 Gilliand G and Griffin J. Blood. 1 September 2002;100:5 6 Montesinos P, et al. Abstract #1512 . ASH 2024 Annual Meeting. 7 Zhou Y, et al . Biomark Res . 2024;12(1):101. 8 Daver N, et al. Leukemia . 2019;33(2):299–312.

THURSDAY, Dec. 5, 2024 -- Use of tibolone or oral estrogen-progestin therapy is associated with an increased risk for specific cardiovascular diseases, according to a study published online Nov. 27 in The BMJ . Therese Johansson, from Uppsala University in Sweden, and colleagues examined the effect of contemporary menopausal hormone therapy on the risk for cardiovascular disease according to the route of administration. The nationwide emulated target trial involved 919,614 women aged 50 to 58 years between 2007 and 2020 without hormone therapy use in the previous two years. Women were assigned to one of eight treatment groups. Overall, 77,512 women were initiators of any menopausal hormone therapy and 842,102 women were noninitiators. The researchers found that tibolone was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared with noninitiation (hazard ratio, 1.52) in intention-to-treat analyses. The risk for ischemic heart disease was increased for initiators of tibolone or oral estrogen-progestin therapy (hazard ratios, 1.46 and 1.21, respectively). The risk for venous thromboembolism was increased in association with oral continuous estrogen-progestin therapy, sequential therapy, and estrogen-only therapy (hazard ratios, 1.61, 2.00, and 1.57, respectively). In per-protocol analyses, tibolone was associated with a higher risk for cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction (hazard ratios, 1.97 and 1.94, respectively). "We found that starting oral combined continuous therapy or tibolone was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease within the first two years of initiation," the authors write. Abstract/Full Text Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.