Global estimates suggest that sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) now has the highest incidence, prevalence, and worst survival outcomes of stroke. With an estimated 1.4 million stroke survivors, outcomes of stroke in SSA are abysmal with 1-month case fatality at 30% and 3-year mortality rate of 84%. Stroke survivors in Africa are at an inordinately high (and worsening) risk of adverse outcomes including recurrent stroke and cardiac events over the medium- to longterm. Given the paucity of resources in the region, testing of therapies, which are potentially highly clinically efficacious and cost-effective, while developing local stroke research capacity and contributing to the global secondary stroke prevention evidence base, is urgently needed. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, has shown promising efficacy and safety mainly among an Asian population by cutting risk of major adverse cardiovascular events including stroke, in half, when added to aspirin or clopidogrel (8% vs. 4%, HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35-0.77), with no increased risk in bleeding or serious adverse events. Cilostazol's potentially strong efficacy, presumed pleiotropic effects, and relatively low cost, make it a highly appealing agent for use in stroke-prone, low-resource settings. Therefore, the overall objective of the CiLostAzol for pReventIon of recurrent sTroke in Africa (CLARITY-AFRICA) study is to deploy a hybrid study design to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of cilostazol twice daily in reducing MACE over 24 months vs. placebo among 1100 recent stroke patients encountered at 12 hospitals in Ghana. Secondly, CLARITY-AFRICA also seeks to develop an implementation strategy for routine integration and policy adoption of cilostazol for post-stroke cardiovascular risk reduction in an under-resourced system. Given its compelling efficacy among a predominantly Asian population, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is poised to fund a US-based clinical trial to assess the longer-term efficacy and safety of cilostazol in a study titled CiLostAzol for pReventIon of recurrent sTroke (CLARITY). The investigators are also aware that European and Australian funding agencies are considering stroke trials of cilostazol. A concurrently executed CLARITYAfrica trial would allow recruitment of a historically underrepresented and high-risk group (Africans), test a therapy that if efficacious could be affordable for broader regional implementation, permit transcontinental mentorship/collaborations, and leverage NINDS impending investment. CLARITY-AFRICA will assess implementation outcomes such as adoption, acceptability, cost, pertinent to uptake of cilostazol in Ghana to inform policy. Regardless of its outcome, findings from CLARITYAFRICA will contribute meaningful information from the African perspective to inform the formulation of guidelines for global adoption of cilostazol into routine care for secondary CVD risk prevention by international bodies such as the World Health Organization. This application will focus on the first 2 aims of CLARITY-AFRICA to conduct the trial and assess secondary outcomes.

Start Date01 Aug 2027

Sponsor / Collaborator

Northern California Institute for Research & Education

NCT06757764

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 4IIT

The Effect and Safety of Therapy Adding Cilostazol in Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Artery Atherosclerosis: CHANGE Trial

Currently, aspirin plus clopidogrel is considered as a standard acute treatment of ischemic stroke, based on results of CHANCE and POINT trial. However, still a considerable portion of patients showed early stroke recurrence, especially in those with stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis. Cilostazol may have benefit in reducing early stroke recurrence of neurologic deterioriation. The post-hoc analysis of CSPS.com showed that use of cilostazol after 15 days of stroke was effective for preventing subsequent stroke. The effect of adding cilostazol was more effective in those with large artery atherosclerosis and those receiving clopidogrel than aspirin.

Start Date15 Mar 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Asan Medical Center

[+1]

ISRCTN44436843

/ RecruitingPhase 3IIT

The LACunar Intervention Trial 3 (LACI-3). Assessment of efficacy and safety of cilostazol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent adverse outcomes in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (lacunar) ischaemic stroke.

Start Date03 Mar 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

The University of Edinburgh

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Cilostazol

100 Translational Medicine associated with Cilostazol

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Cilostazol

3,230

Literatures (Medical) associated with Cilostazol

01 Jun 2025·BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Inhibitory effects of nimodipine, nitrendipine and felodipine on tamoxifen metabolism and molecular docking

Article

Author: Xia, Hailun ; Shen, Yuxin ; Jiang, Zheli ; Chen, Xiaohai ; Shi, Lu ; Xu, Ren-Ai ; Hong, Fengsheng

Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used in breast cancer therapy, requires metabolic activation by CYP3A4 to exert its biological effects. This study evaluated the effects of calcium channel blockers nimodipine, nitrendipine and felodipine on tamoxifen metabolism by studying their interactions with tamoxifen in vitro and in vivo. Rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were used in this study to evaluate the inhibitory potential of nimodipine, nitrendipine and felodipine on tamoxifen metabolism in vitro. A total of 28 cardiovascular drugs, including calcium channel blockers, were screened in an RLM incubation system in vitro. In RLM, nimodipine, nitrendipine and felodipine had half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 5.55 µM, 11.86 µM and 7.71 µM, respectively. In HLM, the IC₅₀ values were increased to 20.38 µM, 30.06 µM, and 44.45 µM for nimodipine, nitrendipine and felodipine, respectively. The kinetic assays indicated that nimodipine and felodipine inhibited the metabolism of tamoxifen in a competitive way, whereas nitrendipine showed non-competitive inhibition in RLM. However, felodipine exhibited non-competitive inhibition, and nimodipine and nitrendipine showed competitive inhibition in HLM. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that pretreatment with nimodipine and nitrendipine significantly increased the systemic exposure of tamoxifen, as demonstrated by increasing the area under the curve (AUC), the maximum concentration (C_max) and decreasing the clearance (CL_z/F). Finally, molecular docking studies supported these findings, showing potential interactions at the active site of CYP3A4. These results suggested the necessity for careful monitoring and possible dose adjustments of tamoxifen when co-administered with calcium channel blockers in clinic.

01 Jun 2025·Toxicology reports

Cilostazol protective effect on nedaplatin-induced genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes

Article

Author: Rababa'h, Abeer M ; Alzoubi, Karem H ; Nuseir, Fian ; Khabour, Omar F

Background:

Nedaplatin has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in combating various malignancies. However, the administration of nedaplatin has been associated with the induction of DNA damage within normal cells. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor with an antioxidant mechanism that could protect cells from genotoxicity. We aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effect of nedaplatin on cultured human lymphocytes and the potential protective effect of cilostazol on chromosomal damage induced by nedaplatin.

Methods:

The proposed nedaplatin's genotoxic effect was studied in vitro by evaluating the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human cultured lymphocytes. Both the mitotic and proliferative indices (MI and PI, respectively) were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of nedaplatin.

Results:

Nedaplatin significantly increased the frequency of SCEs compared to control and cilostazol-treated cells. The chromosomal injury induced by nedaplatin was significantly reduced by pretreatment of cells with cilostazol (P < 0.0001). Treating with cilostazol alone also reduced the frequency of SCEs, MI, and PI compared to the control group. Nedaplatin induced significant decreases in the MI and PI compared to the control group. Pretreatment with cilostazol partially debilitated the nedaplatin-induced changes in MI but not PI.

Conclusion:

Cilostazol ameliorated the genotoxicity of nedaplatin in cultured human lymphocytes.

01 Jun 2025·EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY

Statins boost beneficial pleiotropic cardiovascular effects of cilostazol in angiotensin-II hypertensive rats

Article

Author: El-Bassossy, Hany M ; Elshazly, Shimaa M ; El-Sayed, Shaimaa S ; Hamdy, Ahmed

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:

Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular (CVS) diseases. Statins exhibit a blood pressure-lowering effect independent of cholesterol. This study investigates whether combining statins with the phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor cilostazol enhances antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects.

METHODS:

Hypertension was induced in rats via implanted mini-osmotic pumps releasing angiotensin II at 120 ng.kg^-1.min^-1 for 11 days. Hypertensive rats were treated with cilostazol (50 mg.kg^-1.day^-1), rosuvastatin (20 mg.kg^-1.day^-1), atorvastatin (50 mg.kg^-1.day^-1), or their combinations for seven days. Cardiovascular parameters, baroreflex sensitivity, histopathology, myocardial injury markers (creatine kinase-MB "CK-MB" and cardiac troponin I "cTnI"), and oxidative stress (catalase and malondialdehyde "MDA") were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Cilostazol reduced systolic blood pressure, improved left ventricular (LV) function, and mitigated baroreflex dysfunction. Co-administration of atorvastatin enhanced these effects, with rosuvastatin showing greater improvements. The rosuvastatin/cilostazol combination significantly reduced myocardial injury, oxidative stress, and histopathological damage in the heart and aorta.

CONCLUSION:

Statins, particularly rosuvastatin, enhanced cilostazol's antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects, highlighting the potential of this combination in managing hypertension and CVS diseases.

News (Medical) associated with Cilostazol

28 May 2024

·www.prnewswire.com

Genovate Announces Plans to Submit a New Drug Application for PMR to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration in the Second Half of 2025

TAIPEI, May 28, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (TPEx: 4130), a Taiwan-based specialty pharmaceutical company, today announced its plans to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) with the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for PMR, an investigational once daily extended-release form of cilostazol for the treatment of Intermittent Claudication, in the second half of 2025. In the written responses to the pre-NDA meeting package, the FDA confirmed that the clinical studies conducted are sufficient to support the submission of a marketing application under the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. The key study in the submission package, GBL23-001 (NCT06167265), is a randomized, fully replicate crossover study designed to evaluate the bioequivalence and within-subject variability between PMR 145 mg once daily and the immediate-release tablet of cilostazol 100 mg twice daily. This study is expected to be completed in mid-2024, and the top-line results have shown that the primary endpoints of the study were achieved, and the decision to submit the application was made following the successful outcome of study GBL23-001. Furthermore, Genovate has been improving the PMR formulation and its manufacturing processes in order to address additional FDA comments. All clinical study and manufacturing data are expected to be included in the final submission package. "We are pleased to share what we believe is an efficient regulatory pathway for PMR with the goal of bringing a new treatment option to the people who suffer from intermittent claudication and recurrence of cerebral infarction, from the US to the globe." said Chia-Chen Chu, General Manager of Genovate. About PMR (Cilostazol Extended-Release Tablets) PMR, a novel extended-release (ER) formulation of cilostazol, was designed to reduce the concentration-dependent side effects associated with immediate-release (IR) tablet form of cilostazol. Cilostazol is currently available in IR tablet form at 50 and 100 mg strengths administered twice daily. The IR formulation of cilostazol, marketed as Pletal® in the US (Pletaal® in Taiwan and other Asian countries), was first available in Japan in 1988 for the treatment of peripheral arterial diseases and the prevention of recurrence of cerebral infarction and later approved by the US FDA in 1999 for the treatment of intermittent claudication (IC). Cilostazol is a specific PDE III inhibitor that can cause reduced platelet aggregation and increased vasodilatation. Cilostazol showed good efficacy in preventing secondary strokes, notably reducing the rates of ischaemic stroke recurrence. Nevertheless, the results from eight placebo-controlled clinical trials indicated that 15.4% of patients withdrawn from cilostazol treatment were as a result of adverse reactions. Headache, palpitations, and diarrhea were the most frequently reported adverse reactions among these patients. These adverse reactions were attributable to the peak concentration of cilostazol. Genovate is developing an ER tablet form of cilostazol, PMR, to be administered once daily aiming to improve adherence and to reduce the side effects associated with the high peak-to-trough variation of the concentration of cilostazol IR. About Intermittent Claudication Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects over 200 million people globally and around 8.5 million Americans over the age of 40. PAD occurs as a result of the narrowing or blockade of blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs. The main symptom of PAD observed in approximately 70% of patients is intermittent claudication (IC), a condition that presents as pain and cramping in the lower extremities (thigh, calf, hip and buttock muscles), as a result of limited blood flow. IC is commonly viewed as a signal of substantial atherosclerosis, suggesting a higher likelihood of heart attack or stroke. The symptoms of IC are intermittent, exacerbated when walking or during exercise, and are alleviated with rest, but reoccur when activity resume; as a result, IC can be very debilitating, drastically affecting the quality of life of those affected. In severe cases, IC may require surgical intervention, but in general, it can be treated and managed with a combinational approach including medication, life style changes that modify or eliminate risk factors, and exercise program. Drugs improving blood flow such as anti-clotting agents (aspirin), anti-hypertensives, statins, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitors such as cilostazol are currently used to treat IC. About Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd. is a Taiwan-based, fully integrated specialty pharmaceutical company focusing on the new drug development in new formulation, new active ingredient, new treatment modality in cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and liver diseases. Genovate is equipped with PIC/S GMP manufacturing, marketing, and distribution capabilities. Forward-Looking Statements All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this press release are forward-looking statements, including statements regarding the timing of any regulatory process or ultimate approvals for PMR for the treatment of IC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including the risks and uncertainties associated with the projected timeline of our NDA submission, whether FDA will agree with our interpretation of the data or the adequacy of data to support an NDA, the FDA's review of our NDA, market conditions, as well as risks and uncertainties inherent in Genovate's business. The events and circumstances reflected in the company's forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, the company does not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. SOURCE Genovate Biotech

Drug ApprovalClinical ResultNDA

24 May 2024

·www.pharmaceutical-technology.com

Biocon and Handok link to commercialise Liraglutide in South Korea

Biocon will handle Liraglutide’s development, manufacturing and supply. Credit: Poetra.RH / Shutterstock.com. Indian biopharmaceutical company Biocon has entered an exclusive licence and supply agreement with Handok to commercialise synthetic Liraglutide in South Korea. A vertically integrated, complex drug, Liraglutide is administered using pre-filled injection pens. It is designed for chronic weight management alongside a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Biocon will handle Liraglutide’s development, manufacture and supply in South Korea. Handok will oversee the regulatory approvals and commercialisation of the product in the market. Handok’s diabetes care portfolio includes Amaryl, Tenelia and the real-time glucose monitoring device Barozen Fit. See Also: Alvotech and Dr Reddy’s partner to commercialise AVT03 (Cilostazol + rosuvastatin) by Korea United Pharm for Chronic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (Ischemic Heart Disease): Likelihood of Approval Global contract research organisation IQVIA ‘s moving annual total for the fourth quarter of 2023 values the market opportunity for Liraglutide in South Korea at $47m. Biocon CEO and MD Siddharth Mittal stated: “We are pleased to enter into this strategic partnership with Handok, which will enable patients in South Korea dealing with weight management to gain access to our GLP-1 peptide drug product, synthetic Liraglutide. “This also aligns with our commitment to expand our portfolio of innovative, affordable medicines to address the unmet needs of patients around the world. We look forward to leveraging Handok’s strong capabilities to help patients in the region better manage their disease.” In December 2023, Biocon’s subsidiary Biocon Biologics completed the integration of Viatris’ biosimilars business across 31 European countries.

License out/inDrug Approval

13 Dec 2023

·synapse.patsnap.com

What are PDE3 inhibitors and how do you quickly get the latest development progress?

PDE3, or phosphodiesterase 3, is an enzyme found in the human body that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling pathways. Specifically, PDE3 is responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are important secondary messengers involved in various physiological processes. By inhibiting PDE3 activity, certain medications can increase the levels of cAMP and cGMP, leading to vasodilation, increased contractility of cardiac muscles, and platelet aggregation inhibition. This makes PDE3 an important target for pharmaceutical interventions aimed at treating cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension. The future of PDE3 inhibitors is promising. An agent that selectively inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated PDE3A-136 may help to preserve intracellular Ca2+ cycling and contractility in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy taking β-adrenergic receptor agonists. This may reduce arrhythmogenic effects attributable to increases in cytosolic cAMP content. Furthermore, given the promising results in preclinical models, numerous clinical trials have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of PDE3 inhibitors against depression in humans. Therefore, the development of PDE3 inhibitors presents opportunities for innovation and competition in the pharmaceutical industry. The analysis of the target PDE3 reveals a competitive landscape with multiple companies actively involved in research and development. The highest stage of development is the "Approved" phase, indicating successful drug development in various indications. Small molecule drugs are progressing rapidly, with a significant number of approved and inactive drugs. China, Japan, the United States, and the European Union are leading in terms of drug development under the target PDE3. The future development of the target PDE3 is promising, with ongoing research and development efforts by various companies and countries/locations. How do they work?PDE3 inhibitors are a type of drug that target and inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3). Phosphodiesterases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling pathways by breaking down cyclic nucleotides, specifically cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In the context of biomedicine, PDE3 inhibitors are primarily used as cardiovascular drugs. They work by blocking the activity of PDE3, which leads to increased levels of cAMP and cGMP in cells. This, in turn, promotes vasodilation (relaxation of blood vessels), inhibits platelet aggregation (clumping of blood platelets), and reduces smooth muscle cell proliferation. These effects contribute to the treatment of conditions such as heart failure, angina (chest pain), and peripheral vascular disease. By inhibiting PDE3, these drugs enhance the effects of the cyclic nucleotides, which are important secondary messengers involved in various cellular processes. The increased levels of cAMP and cGMP can have beneficial effects on cardiac function, blood flow, and overall cardiovascular health. It's worth noting that PDE3 inhibitors may have side effects, including increased heart rate, arrhythmias, and potential interactions with other medications. Therefore, their use should be carefully monitored and prescribed by healthcare professionals. List of PDE3 InhibitorsThe currently marketed PDE3 inhibitors include: Cilostazol/ginkgo-bilobaLevosimendanEnoximoneAnagrelide HydrochlorideCilostazolOlprinone Hydrochloride HydrateIbudilastInamrinone LactateEnsifentrineCilostazol/DecanolFor more information, please click on the image below. What are PDE3 inhibitors used for?PDE3 inhibitors are under investigation for indications that include heart failure, angina (chest pain), and peripheral vascular disease. For more information, please click on the image below to log in and search. How to obtain the latest development progress of PDE3 inhibitors?In the Synapse database, you can keep abreast of the latest research and development advances of PDE3 inhibitors anywhere and anytime, daily or weekly, through the "Set Alert" function. Click on the image below to embark on a brand new journey of drug discovery!

100 Deals associated with Cilostazol

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D01896	Cilostazol	B01AC23	DB01166

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

to view more data

Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Brain Infarction	Japan	Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	15 Mar 2007
Intermittent Claudication	United States	Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	15 Jan 1999
Arterial Occlusive Diseases	China	Zhejiang Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	01 Jan 1996

Developing

10 top R&D records.

to view more data

Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Angina Pectoris, Variant	Phase 3	South Korea	Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	01 Nov 2013
Tinnitus	Clinical	South Korea	Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	01 Jul 2011

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT06242132 (CILO-CLOP Trial, Pubmed \| Neurol Ther)	Phase 3	Acute Ischemic Stroke hypertension	870	Cilostazol	ptqmhhelyq(osdhdwsyve) = tjwiyyoslf jvliqykpio (ncinxnowio )	Positive	12 Apr 2025
				Clopidogrel	ptqmhhelyq(osdhdwsyve) = jocprqstyc jvliqykpio (ncinxnowio )
NCT01261234 (Randomized Controlled Trial of Cilostazol Addition for In-Stent Restenosis After Carotid Artery Stenting, Pubmed \| Stroke)	Not Applicable	Vascular restenosis	631	Cilostazol 50 mg	ofjygulehu(dyuhiehgza) = qnkzciaizi nuicqtglns (wpkhrpgmdy ) View more	Positive	01 Dec 2024
				No Cilostazol	ofjygulehu(dyuhiehgza) = iorblesnxb nuicqtglns (wpkhrpgmdy ) View more
NCT05126836 (CLIP-HFpEF, Pubmed \| ESC Heart Fail)	Phase 2	Heart Failure, Diastolic	23	Cilostazol	xplioqpouj(uyncwpkhlz) = hmfcngpaes fopcfwoxrg (ixuxglzsek, 68 - 974) View more	Positive	17 Nov 2024
				Placebo	xplioqpouj(uyncwpkhlz) = nzrshvwdmj fopcfwoxrg (ixuxglzsek, 154 - 1056) View more
NCT03451591 (LACI-2, CTgov)	Phase 2/3	Stroke, Lacunar	363	Isosorbide Mononitrate XL (ISMN) (Isosorbide Mononitrate XL (ISMN))	iblexellov = svlikwbkog zhyhmcffdd (qjnjwavzvr, bdfkhprkxs - jviwocadlf) View more	-	12 Nov 2024
				Cilostazol (Cilostazol)	iblexellov = wyyinqkbhq zhyhmcffdd (qjnjwavzvr, srjdykjuup - adeujryoxv) View more
NCT05126836 (CLIP-HFpEF, CTgov)	Phase 2	Heart failure with normal ejection fraction \| Heart Failure, Diastolic	25	Placebo+Cilostazol 100Mg Tab (Cilostazol)	cmeqybabpn(eeitdkjdko) = hwiuqhxyuk jgnvzwhsph (ohggdusazd, osvhrlgxbq - emwqcjwsgj) View more	-	15 Dec 2023
				Placebo+Cilostazol 100Mg Tab (Placebo)	cmeqybabpn(eeitdkjdko) = uylnhawtyd jgnvzwhsph (ohggdusazd, abqrzlpusa - serucngsbh) View more
ESC2023	Phase 4	ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction	985	DAT (aspirin and clopidogrel for 12 months)	raxjvolghf(jinwabpiae) = uhsjecdnwb ardsnywvhj (qdxutirzqw )	Negative	25 Aug 2023
				TAT 1M (aspirin, clopidogrel, and cilostazol for 1 month)	raxjvolghf(jinwabpiae) = anjysrneoz ardsnywvhj (qdxutirzqw )
NCT01995370 (CSPS.com, Pubmed \| Stroke)	Phase 4	Stroke, Lacunar	925	DAPT group receiving cilostazol and either aspirin or clopidogrel	jwmqudghyd(chgisgeupz) = cpnecsonel itdqfsqdzk (tegxtsbjic )	Positive	03 Feb 2023
				SAPT group receiving aspirin or clopidogrel alone	jwmqudghyd(chgisgeupz) = naxgusokbo itdqfsqdzk (tegxtsbjic )
NCT01995370 (CSPS.com, Pubmed \| Int J Stroke)	Not Applicable	Stroke \| Constriction, Pathologic	-	DAPT with cilostazol plus aspirin or clopidogrel	ztfaimdjoo(eiizdiqwhx): HR = 0.79 (95% CI, 0.27 - 2.26) View more	-	28 Jun 2022
				Aspirin or clopidogrel alone
NCT01995370 (CSPS.com Trial, Pubmed \| Neurology)	Phase 4	Stroke	1,879	Cilostazol with aspirin or clopidogrel	gavhyulqtv(vvskgdhuqk) = gwxaikgmqa laladkpbjk (fxmtouvcpb )	Positive	08 Mar 2022
				Aspirin or clopidogrel alone	gavhyulqtv(vvskgdhuqk) = ywnzsdrpxq laladkpbjk (fxmtouvcpb )
NCT01995370 (CSPS.com Trial, ISC2022)	Phase 4	Constriction, Pathologic	-	Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) using Cilostazol	azzgefilno(dgjwtjglna) = mztprobjvc bmkolbaaqv (renvtrizer ) View more	-	01 Feb 2022
				Single Antiplatelet Therapy (SAPT) with Aspirin or Clopidogrel	azzgefilno(dgjwtjglna) = lshffllkel bmkolbaaqv (renvtrizer ) View more

Translational Medicine

Boost your research with our translational medicine data.

view full example data

Deal

Boost your decision using our deal data.

view full example data

Core Patent

Boost your research with our Core Patent data.

view full example data

Clinical Trial

Identify the latest clinical trials across global registries.

view full example data

Approval

Accelerate your research with the latest regulatory approval information.

view full example data

Regulation

Understand key drug designations in just a few clicks with Synapse.

view full example data

AI Agents Built for Biopharma Breakthroughs

Accelerate discovery. Empower decisions. Transform outcomes.

Get started for free today!

Accelerate Strategic R&D decision making with Synapse, PatSnap’s AI-powered Connected Innovation Intelligence Platform Built for Life Sciences Professionals.

Start your data trial now!

Synapse data is also accessible to external entities via APIs or data packages. Empower better decisions with the latest in pharmaceutical intelligence.

Bio

Bio Sequences Search & Analysis

Chemical

Chemical Structures Search & Analysis