Tenofovir amibufenamide

As field based trophic magnification factors (TMFs) and biomagnification factors (BMFs) become more prominent regulatory metrics used in bioaccumulation assessments of commercial chemicals, there is a need to develop standardized guidelines for conducting field-based bioaccumulation studies and to establish methods using weight of evidence analyses of those studies. Hence, the primary objectives of this study were (1) to compile a set of comprehensive criteria and guidelines for conducting field-based biomagnification studies and (2) to develop a weight of evidence meta-analysis for evaluating field-based biomagnification studies and their reported biomagnification metrics for assessing the biomagnification potential of substances. To test the effectiveness of our proposed guidelines and weight of evidence meta-analysis, we reviewed over 25 field studies investigating the biomagnification of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a substance that is considered super-hydrophobic and difficult to test in bioconcentration tests. Approximately half of the field studies that investigated trophic magnification of DBDPE in food webs or biomagnification of DBDPE in predator-prey interactions were considered of acceptable quality, whereas no studies were of high quality. Quality scores of studies statistically decreased with increasing TMF (r2 = 0.261, p = .035) and/or BMF (r2 = 0.238, p = .0024). The weight of evidence meta-analysis indicated with a high level of confidence that concentrations of DBDPE do not biomagnify in top predators and within food-webs. Given the increasing importance of the TMF and BMF for bioaccumulation assessments and the apparent deficiencies in current biomagnification studies identified in this meta-analysis for DBDPE, there is an urgent need to adopt standardized guidelines and procedures for both conducting and evaluating field-based biomagnification studies.

Mentha longifolia L. has been employed to treat cough, lung inflammation, and bronchial asthma disorders.

Our study was carried out to investigate the medicinal effect of the flavonoids derived from M. longifolia, specifically didymin, linarin, rutin, and TMF, as well as the whole extracts of M. longifolia subsp. typhoides and M. longifolia subsp. schimperi, in comparison to dexa, in a mice model of ovalbumin-allergic asthma (OVA).

After inhaling OVA, the mice developed acute asthma symptoms. Mice were subjected orally to Dexa and/or isolated flavonoids. The study assessed total and differential leukocyte counts, LDH concentration, and total protein concentration in BALF, reduced levels of GSH and total NOx products in lung tissues and analyzed the lung specimens by staining them with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E).

Histopathological analysis of the right lung lobes demonstrated that the isolated flavonoids exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect higher than Dexa as shown by decreasing the overall and distinct leukocyte counts, LDH levels, and total protein levels in BALF, as compared to the OVA group (p < 0.05). TMF was the most effective and the other tested flavonoids are more effective than Dexa but less than TMF. In addition, all tested flavonoids and Dexa significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated OVA-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by diminished lung NOx level and elevated GSH level. Computational docking studies proved recognition of didymin, linarin, rutin, and TMF to the human leukocyte elastase binding sites.

The tested flavonoids; didymin, linarin, rutin, and TMF successfully inhibit Ova-induced allergic asthma in mice through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and may represent promising candidate as a remedy for allergic asthma.