Eupatilin

Eupatilin confers cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury (MIRI). Cyclooxygenases (COXs) serve as key rate‐limiting enzymes for prostaglandin biosynthesis. This study investigated the effects of eupatilin on COXs.H9c2 cells subjected to oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were treated with graded doses of eupatilin, with aspirin serving as the positive control. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability, and COX1/COX2 protein expression were subsequently detected. In‐vivo acute MIRI was established in rats by 30‐min ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion. MIRI‐modeled rats received eupatilin or aspirin treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were quantified by ELISA. Myocardial infarct size was assessed by TTC staining, and collagen deposition was determined by Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect myocardial COX1 and COX2 expression.In OGD/R‐injured H9c2 cells, eupatilin dose‐dependently restored cell viability and suppressed cellular ROS overproduction. It suppressed OGD/R‐induced upregulation of COX1 and COX2 and increased phosphorylation of Akt1 (S473) and GSK‐3β (S9). Molecular docking revealed favorable binding affinity between eupatilin and COXs. In MIRI‐model rats, deteriorated cardiac function was accompanied by increased PGE2, TXA2 and cTnI, as well as aggravated myocardial infarction and collagen deposition. Eupatilin administration alleviated myocardial injury by counteracting these pathological alterations. Moreover, eupatilin suppressed MIRI‐driven COX1/COX2 overexpression and enhanced Akt1‐GSK‐3β phosphorylation.Eupatilin alleviate acute MIRI via COXs inhibition and activation of the Akt/GSK‐3β pathway, providing a theoretical basis for its application against MIRI.

The 50% ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Chrysanthemum zawadzkii (CZ extract) was evaluated for its inhibitory effects on the production of NO, TNF-α, and XO, and seven isolated flavonoids were tested for COX-2 inhibitory activity. The ethanol extract of C. zawadzkii exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on NO and XO overproduction, with IC₅₀ values of 6.91 µg/mL and 83.48 µg/mL, respectively. Eupatilin (3) significantly suppressed COX-2 expression at a concentration of 100 µM (p < 0.05). Molecular docking analysis and ADMET predictions revealed that eupatilin forms hydrogen bonds and π-σ interactions, which significantly contribute to its binding affinity with residues in the enzyme's active site. Additionally, it exhibits low oral toxicity and good bioavailability in humans. These findings demonstrate the potential of CZ extract and its active compound, eupatilin, as naturally occurring agents with anti-heumatoid arthritis activities, capable of potently inhibiting COX-2 signalling in vitro.