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Attentional bias to threat is an adaptive response to the presence of threat and danger in the environment (Haselton et al., 2009; Pollak, 2008). Attentional bias to threat is present in both human and nonhuman primates (e.g., Mandalaywala, Parker, & Maestripieri, 2014) and attentional bias to threat is exacerbated during periods of acute stress in rhesus macaque adults (Bethell et al., 2012a,b). Here, we build on this extant work to assess whether 5-month-old infant rhesus macaques, previously believed to be too young to express attentional bias to threat, might actually demonstrate attentional bias in response to an acute stressor. At approximately 5 months of age, free-ranging rhesus macaque infants on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico (N = 44) were briefly separated from their social group and underwent a maternal separation test, a validated stressor shown to induce anxiety in infant monkeys (Sánchez et al., 2001). We assessed their behavioral (Temperament Task) and cognitive (Threat perception/Vigilance for Threat task) reactivity. Across these two reactivity tests, infants could be classified as "vigilant-fighters"-trying to escape and paying more attention to a threatening than a neutral stimulus-or as "avoidant-freezers"-staying still and quiet and avoiding looking at the threatening stimulus in favor of the neutral stimulus. This behavioral and cognitive phenotype was related to infants' early life experiences, including exposure to early life adversity, and suggests both that attention to threat can be present as young as 5 months of age, and that infants quickly learn behavioral and cognitive strategies for coping with their particular circumstances.

01 Feb 2025·Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface

Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modifies Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulator Trial Progression and Planning

Article

Author: Provenzano, David A ; Vaidya, Esha A ; Kilgore, Jason S

OBJECTIVESpinal cord stimulator (SCS) percutaneous lead placement has been effective in treating chronic limb, neck, and back pain. However, SCS lead placement poses a risk of neurologic injury, which may be attenuated with preprocedural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify potential spinal anatomical abnormalities (eg, central canal stenosis) that would either modify or prevent lead placement. However, a large-scale study of the clinical value of preoperative MRIs in percutaneous SCS lead placement is lacking.MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective chart review of a single center identified patients who considered SCS percutaneous lead trials and had preprocedural MRIs. Patients' preprocedural MRIs were reviewed for spinal pathology and locations and severity of stenoses (mild, moderate, and severe) based on qualitative analysis that may affect lead placement. In addition, trial-related information and several demographic factors were analyzed with proportional analyses, logistic regressions, and relative risks (RR) to determine their association with stenosis.RESULTSRetrospective review identified 340 patients who considered an SCS trial with preprocedural MRIs. Preprocedural MRIs influenced SCS treatment for 7% of total patients (n = 25). Of these 25 patients, 60% (n = 15) had the trial technique altered, and 40% (n = 10) did not progress to trial owing to an MRI finding. Preprocedural MRIs were more likely to influence SCS trials for cervical cases than for thoracic/lumbar cases (RR = 4.6, 95% CI 2.2-9.5, p < 0.001). Clinical and demographic characteristics were associated with limited predictive capabilities for spinal stenosis. Specifically, logistic regression analyses revealed age group to be significantly (p ≤ 0.02) associated with moderate/severe cervical spinal stenosis and lumbar spinal stenosis, whereas only age was significantly (p ≤ 0.04) associated with moderate/severe thoracic spinal stenosis.CONCLUSIONPreprocedural MRIs did influence SCS trial progression. Given limited patient characteristics were significantly associated with a greater risk of stenosis at lead placement or entry zones, all patient populations should be considered for preprocedural MRIs examining lead entry and placement zones.

04 Dec 2024·The Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats

Hanley, Ryan Patrick. Our Great Purpose: Adam Smith on Living a Better Life.

Author: Walker, Robert G.

100 Deals associated with Washington & Jefferson College

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Washington & Jefferson College

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Pipeline

Pipeline Snapshot as of 30 Jan 2025

The statistics for drugs in the Pipeline is the current organization and its subsidiaries are counted as organizations,Early Phase 1 is incorporated into Phase 1, Phase 1/2 is incorporated into phase 2, and phase 2/3 is incorporated into phase 3

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