Investigating the effect of citicoline administration on cognitive impairment, social interactions, and speech status in autistic children at pre-school and post-school ages

Start Date23 Jul 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Semnan University of Medical Sciences

IRCT20171116037503N3

/ SuspendedPhase 3IIT

Evaluating the effect of Citicoline on development of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage admitted in neonatal intensive care units

Start Date22 Oct 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

100 Clinical Results associated with Citicoline

100 Translational Medicine associated with Citicoline

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Citicoline

1,325

Literatures (Medical) associated with Citicoline

01 Sep 2026·BRAIN RESEARCH

The activity of D2 dopamine receptors of the ventral tegmental area changed the induced- cognitive responses of the lateral hypothalamic cholinergic stimulation following neuropathic pain

Article

Author: Marefati, Narges ; Raei, Mehdi ; Bahari, Zahra ; Mohammadi, Mohammad Taghi ; Kohandani, Maryam ; Mohammadi, Alireza

BACKGROUND:

Dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in the development of cognitive dysfunction during chronic pain. It is controlling cognitive behaviors via its various projection pathways to different areas in the brain including lateral hypothalamus (LH). The activation of LH induced analgesia during chronic pain. In the current study, we assessed whether D2 dopamine receptors activity within the VTA can change the induced-cognitive responses of LH following its cholinergic stimulation during neuropathic pain in rats. Aditionally, we assessed whether cholinergic stimulation of LH can change firing rate of VTA neurons.

METHODS:

Male Wistar rats were implanted with two separate cannulae into the LH and VTA on the same side. After 4 days' recovery of cannulation surgery, animals underwent second surgery for induction of neuropathic pain (chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve, CCI). Citicoline (1 µg/1µl normal saline), as an acetylcholine precursor, that activates the LH projecting neurons, were microinjected into the LH. In the other groups, D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist, sulpiride (1 µg/1µl normal saline) or agonist, bromocriptine (1 µg/1µl normal saline) were microinjected into VTA, 5 min prior intra-LH injection of citicoline. Cognitive and electrophysiology studies were assessed 15-30 minutes after drug injection.

RESULTS:

Stimulation of LH via citicoline significantly induced analgesic and learning/memory enhancer effects. Additionally, intra-VTA injection of bromocriptine significantly increased analgesic and learning/memory enhancer effects of LH. Interestingly, sulpiride significantly decreased analgesic and learning/memory enhancer effects of LH. Stimulation of LH via citicoline effectively increased firing rate of VTA neurons. Intra-VTA injection of bromocriptine and sulpiride significantly increased and decreased firing rate of VTA neurons, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

The present study suggest that the analgesic and memory enhancer effects which produced by LH cholinergic stimulation is mediated by D2-like dopamine receptors of VTA in neuropathic pain. Additionally, the cholinergic stimulation of LH via citicoline can increase firing rate of VTA neurons during neuropathic pain and intra-VTA injection of sulpiride effectively reversed the effects of citicoline on firing rate of VTA neurons.

01 Jul 2026·ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING

Citicoline Restores Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis by Regulating Oxidative Stress Through CDO1 to Reverse Myopia Progression

Article

Author: Li, Houli ; Yi, Kun ; Wu, Jiaxue ; Sun, Qiuyun ; Wu, Peijuan ; He, Shan ; Zhang, Li ; Hu, Ke ; Wan, Wenjuan

Objective::

To investigate whether citicoline alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by modulating oxidative stress in myopia.

Results::

A form-deprivation myopia model in guinea pigs and a hypoxia-induced model in human scleral fibroblasts revealed that citicoline downregulated cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) expression, increased glutathione, and reduced reactive oxygen species. These changes mitigated oxidative stress, suppressed ER stress, maintained cellular homeostasis, and inhibited extracellular matrix remodeling, leading to reduced axial elongation.

Innovation::

Transcriptomic profiling identified CDO1 as a novel downstream effector of citicoline, linking cysteine metabolism to oxidative and ER stress regulation in myopia.

Conclusion::

Citicoline shows potential to delay myopia progression by alleviating ER stress through CDO1-mediated redox regulation, providing preclinical mechanistic insight into its possible role in myopia control. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 45, 113–132.

01 May 2026·INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE

Use of nootropics in Alzheimer’s disease: An analysis of regulatory positions and drug policies in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Article

Author: Abakumova, Tatyana Rudolfovna ; Alexandrova, Elvira Grigorievna ; Ziganshina, Liliya Eugenevna

Objective:

To analyse regulatory positions and drug policies of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), compared to those of the EU, UK, USA i of the nootropics, used in Russia for Alzheimer’s disease.

Methods:

We searched E-library to reveal the list of nootropics used and studied in Russia for Alzheimer’s disease. We assessed official pharmaceutical registries of nine countries for registration status of identified nootropics, 7 National Essential Medicines Lists (EML), and four clinical practice guidelines (CPG) on Alzheimer’s disease. We compared the results of Russia with other countries regulatory and policy positions.

Results:

E-Library searches identified 11 nootropicspiracetam, citicoline, idebenone, vinpocetine, choline alfoscerate, Cerebrolysin®, Kortexin®, ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, glycine, nicergoline, nimodipine. Eight nootropic have registration for use in all CIS countries (excluding idebenone, nimodipine), four (piracetam, nimodipine, nicergoline, idebenone) – in UK, nimodipine – in the USA, and idebenone – in EU. National EMLs included: nine nootropics (Russia), 8 – Belarus and Kazakhstan, 4 – Uzbekistan, 2 – Armenia. The studied nootropic agents are not included on the WHO Model EML and on the National EML of the Kyrgyz Republic. They are not listed in the CPG for Treatment of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the USA, the EU, and the UK. Russian CPGs for Alzheimer’s disease recommend Cerebrolysin® and choline alfoscerate.

Conclusions:

The studied nootropics are registered for use and listed on National EMLs of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. None is included on the WHO Model EML and the National EML of Kyrgyzstan, Only CPG of the RF recommend using two nootropics as adjuvant therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, Cerebrolysin® and choline alfoscerate. CPG of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the USA do not mention nootropics as potential treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease.

News (Medical) associated with Citicoline

09 Jun 2026

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Kyowa Hakko USA's Cognizin® Citicoline Featured in Wellex's New Creatine Well

A Precision-Formulated Creatine Product, Designed Around Brain Energy, Cellular Resilience, and Women's Physiology NEW YORK, June 9, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- Kyowa Hakko USA today announced that Wellex, a women's supplement brand founded by Dr. Elizabeth Goldspink, ND, is the newest brand partner for Cognizin® citicoline. The partnership debuts with Creatine Well, Wellex's precision-formulated creatine product featuring Cognizin®, a clinically researched ingredient with cognitive benefits. Using the theory that women need fewer, but higher-quality supplements, Creatine Well puts that philosophy into practice with three ingredients selected for clinical relevance: Cognizin® Citicoline, Pürest Creatine™, and Sharp-PS® Phosphatidylserine. The formula contains no sweeteners, flavors, caffeine, or fillers, and delivers creatine as a micronized, fully dissolvable, unflavored powder for routine use. "Creatine Well represents a new way of thinking in women's supplementation," said Katie Emerson, PhD(c), RD, CISSN, the Senior Manager of Scientific Affairs at Kyowa Hakko USA. "The decision to pair Cognizin® and creatine by Dr. Goldspink demonstrates a deep understanding of how these ingredients work together to support brain energy metabolism. This formulation is the kind of clinically grounded, founder-led product that moves the supplement industry forward." "Women don't need more supplements; they need better systems," Dr. Goldspink, Founder and Chief Innovation Officer of Wellex, said in the company's launch release. "The wellness industry has become increasingly complex and optimization-focused, but most meaningful health outcomes still come from supporting foundational systems consistently and intelligently." Cognizin® citicoline brings more than a decade of clinical research on brain energy metabolism, cognitive performance, and mental clarity through focus, reaction time, and memory to a creatine supplement. The creatine product category has historically ignored the brain entirely and marketed muscle performance, strength, and exercise recovery. The brain health angle is what makes Creatine Well distinct from everything else in that category. Kyowa Hakko produces Cognizin® using its proprietary fermentation process, creating a patented form of citicoline known for its purity, stability, and consistent absorption. Peer-reviewed research supports Cognizin®'s effectiveness in improving attention, focus, and overall cognitive function. Creatine Well is now available on the Wellex website and will soon be available on Amazon and Fullscript. About Kyowa Hakko USA Kyowa Hakko USA is a subsidiary of Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., a global biotechnology company with over 75 years of expertise in fermentation, purification, and modification of bioactive substances. Kyowa Hakko Bio is dedicated to improving the health and well-being of people worldwide by creating innovative solutions with science and nature. With cutting-edge research capabilities, Kyowa Hakko Bio is committed to developing unique ingredients supported by scientific evidence. For more information, visit kyowa-usa.com. About Cognizin® Cognizin® Citicoline, manufactured by Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., is a clinically studied and branded form of citicoline, a natural substance made endogenously in the body and especially vital to brain health. Citicoline is a potent brain-health nutrient. A proprietary form of citicoline, Cognizin® has been clinically studied to support mental energy, focus, and attention. Cognizin® is manufactured through a fermentation process to yield high-quality, high-purity products. Cognizin® is also highly stable, GRAS, ultra-pure, and allergen-free. Cognizin® can be sold as a dietary ingredient for supplements, foods, and beverages in the United States and is approved as a novel food ingredient in the EU for food supplements. For more information on Cognizin®, visit cognizin.com. About Wellex Wellex is an evidence-based supplement and research company focused on women's health, targeted nutritional formulations, and science-driven education. Its products are developed with an emphasis on clinical relevance, transparency, and formulation integrity. The company's flagship product, Papillex®, is currently being evaluated in a Health Canada-approved human clinical trial, reflecting Wellex's ongoing commitment to evidence-based innovation and moving the industry forward. Visit wellex.co for more information. About Creatine Well Creatine Well™ was developed from the belief that creatine supplementation should be held to a far higher standard than what currently exists in much of the market. Rather than following trends, Wellex formulated Creatine Well™ around purity and transparency, selecting Pürest Creatine™ for its exceptionally low impurity profile, third-party verification, and highly controlled manufacturing process. The formula combines high-purity creatine monohydrate with targeted cognitive support ingredients, including Cognizin® Citicoline and phosphatidylserine, to support both physical performance and mental function in one streamlined daily formula. The format is a clean, unflavoured powder free from sweeteners, gums, and unnecessary fillers. Designed with women's wellness, cognition, strength, recovery, and healthy aging in mind, Creatine Well™ reflects Wellex's broader philosophy that formulation integrity matters just as much as the ingredients themselves. SOURCE Kyowa Hakko U.S.A 21% more press release views with Request a Demo

20 May 2026

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Kyowa Hakko to Highlight Cognitive Health at Complementary Medicines Australia Innovation Day 2026

NEW YORK, May 20, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- Kyowa Hakko USA, Inc., a global leader in science-backed specialty health ingredients, will spotlight the growing relevance of cognitive health in the Australian supplement market at the Complementary Medicines Australia (CMA) Innovation Day 2026 in Sydney, Australia, later this month. Chief Operating Officer and Vice President of Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Dr. Danielle Citrolo, PharmD, will host a session titled "Cognizin®: Premium Citicoline for Cognitive Performance and Long-Term Brain Health." CMA Innovation Day is one of Australia's premier annual gatherings for the complementary medicines supply chain. The event provides a unique forum for ingredient suppliers, brand owners, formulators, and retail buyers to discover the latest innovations shaping the market for vitamins, minerals, and supplements in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region. As consumer demand for daily cognitive support continues to grow, science-backed ingredients are playing an increasingly critical role in next-generation supplement formulations. Dr. Citrolo's presentation will examine the science behind Cognizin and how it supports cognitive health through multiple complementary mechanisms. Notably, Cognizin is the only citicoline ingredient to hold status with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), reflecting the rigorous quality and safety standards that have made it a trusted choice for global partners in the nutraceutical and wellness sectors. "Cognitive health is a rapidly growing priority for Australian consumers and the brands that serve them," said Dr. Citrolo. "This presentation will give attendees a clear picture of the science behind Cognizin and why it represents a premium, differentiated ingredient for any brain health product strategy." Designed to address evolving consumer needs—from gaining a competitive mental edge to providing long-term brain health support—Cognizin drives innovation and delivers meaningful benefits in today's expanding wellness landscape. CMA attendees interested in evidence-based cognitive health ingredients are encouraged to participate in Dr. Citrolo's session on May 21, 2026, at 2:35 PM AEST as part of Session 3: Innovating with Ingredients. The full Innovation Day program is available at CMAustralia.org.au/events, and more information about Cognizin can be found at Cognizin.com. About Kyowa Hakko USA (Kyowa) Kyowa Hakko USA serves as the North and South American headquarters for Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., a global pioneer in specialty ingredients within Kirin Holdings' Health Science group. Building on over 75 years of fermentation innovation and Kirin's 100+ year legacy of fermentation excellence, Kyowa delivers premium, science-backed branded ingredients to the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, functional food, beverage, and wellness industries. The portfolio features branded solutions like Cognizin® Citicoline, Setria® Glutathione, Pantesin® Pantethine, and EYEMUSE® Lacticaseibacillus paracasei KW3110. Committed to quality, sustainability, and creating shared value, Kyowa empowers partners to create transformative health solutions, advancing Kirin's vision of improving health and well-being. For more information, visit Kyowa-USA.com. About Cognizin ® Citicoline Cognizin® Citicoline, developed by Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., is a clinically patented form of citicoline with over 35 years of research, development, and application experience. Backed by Kyowa's 75-year legacy of biotech innovation and Kirin Holdings' century-long fermentation expertise, Cognizin® is produced through state-of-the-art fermentation technology, ensuring superior purity and quality. Clinically tested to support mental energy, focus, attention, and memory, this premium functional ingredient is GRAS, pure, allergen-free, and highly stable. Trusted by global partners in the nutraceutical and wellness sectors, Cognizin® advances Kirin's Health Science mission to enhance quality of life through cognitive health solutions. For more information, visit Cognizin.com. CONTACT: Maria Stanieich, [email protected], 551-482-9968 SOURCE Kyowa Hakko U.S.A 21% more press release views with Request a Demo

18 Feb 2026

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Kyowa Hakko Clarifies Glutathione Misconceptions with Science-Backed Insights on Quality and Efficacy of its Industry-Leading Setria® Brand

Setria® Glutathione - the 20-year, worldwide trusted standard: human clinical research on oral uptake gets it noticed, and brand equity keeps it chosen NEW YORK, Feb. 18, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- As glutathione gains visibility in health and wellness, questions have followed about quality, substantiation, and whether oral glutathione can meaningfully impact glutathione inside the body's cells. Kyowa Hakko Bio, producer of Setria® Glutathione, provides guidance to dispel myths, emphasize evidence-based benefits, and set the standard for this "master antioxidant." Continue Reading Setria Logo Setria® was introduced nearly two decades ago to bring verified quality and documentation to a category that often varies widely in purity and substantiation. Glutathione plays a vital role in cellular defense, detoxification, and immune support. It's now mainstream, but market growth has led to variability, ranging from high-quality, clinically studied forms to unverified products with exaggerated claims. Meanwhile, NHANES (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data suggest that much of the population is deficient in glutathione, likely due to modern diets that often lack glutathione-rich foods, making it more important than ever to address this widespread deficiency and support optimal health with Setria® Glutathione. "The key isn't if glutathione matters, but whether oral forms can deliver real results," said Katie Emerson, MS, RD, Senior Manager of Scientific Affairs at Kyowa Hakko USA. "The Richie et al. study provides the first direct evidence that orally administered glutathione is absorbed into the systemic circulation, helping to address longstanding skepticism regarding the bioavailability of oral glutathione." Setria® glutathione stands out with unmatched clinical backing. A six-month Penn State study, published in the European Journal of Nutrition, showed that daily doses of 250 mg or 1,000 mg increased glutathione levels by 30-35% in blood cells and 260% in buccal cells, with functional benefits including a doubling of natural killer cell activity. Setria goes beyond basic antioxidant support. Research shows it supports skin health, with a 12-week study demonstrating reductions in melanin. In sports nutrition, studies indicate that when combined with L-citrulline, Setria helps increase nitric oxide to support performance, as reviewed in the Journal of Exercise and Nutrition. These benefits align with permitted structure/function claims related to cellular and mitochondrial health, antioxidant defense, immune support, skin health, liver health, gut health, respiratory health, and nitric oxide function. Manufactured via a proprietary fermentation process, Setria® meets USP standards, is GMP-compliant, and is IGEN-certified, ensuring purity amid the risks posed by low-cost alternatives. While endogenous glutathione production through diet and lifestyle is primary, supplementation can aid when levels dip due to age or stress. "Supplementation complements, not replaces, foundational health practices," Emerson said. "Its results are supported by human clinical data and produced to consistent quality standards that partners have trusted for nearly two decades." Setria® Glutathione is a globally market-ready dietary ingredient, with broad acceptance for use in supplement formulations across key regions. It can be sold as a dietary ingredient in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil, as well as throughout Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand—making it an ideal option for brands looking to support consistent product positioning and international expansion. In Brazil, Setria® stands apart as the only source of glutathione approved by ANVISA (the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). As regulations tighten, stakeholders must prioritize substantiated claims. Kyowa Hakko promotes evidence-based choices to foster trust in glutathione's potential for immune, skin, and overall aging support. — Setria® — About Setria: Setria® Glutathione, manufactured by Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., is a clinically studied and patented form of glutathione that, when taken orally, has been shown to replenish the body's reserves, which may be depleted as a result of poor lifestyle choices, stress, or natural aging. Called the "master antioxidant," glutathione helps protect cells in the body from the damaging effects of oxidative stress and toxins. Setria® Glutathione is manufactured through a patented fermentation process to yield high purity and high quality, is non-GMO, vegetarian, and allergen-free. For more information, visit . About Kyowa Hakko USA: Kyowa Hakko USA is the North & South American office of Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., an international health ingredients manufacturer and world leader in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and food & beverage products. Kyowa is the maker of branded ingredients, including Cognizin®, Eyemuse® Lacticaseibacillus paracasei KW3110, Citicoline, Pantesin® Pantethine, Setria® Glutathione, as well as L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine. For more information, visit . SOURCE Kyowa Hakko U.S.A 21% more press release views with Request a Demo

Drug ApprovalClinical Result

100 Deals associated with Citicoline

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00057	Citicoline	N06BX06	DB12153

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pancreatitis	Japan	T’s Pharma Co., Ltd.	15 Nov 1983
Pancreatitis	Japan	Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	15 Nov 1983
Consciousness Disorders	Japan	T’s Pharma Co., Ltd.	01 Sep 1981
Consciousness Disorders	Japan	Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	01 Sep 1981
Parkinson Disease	Japan	Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	10 Feb 1976
Parkinson Disease	Japan	T’s Pharma Co., Ltd.	10 Feb 1976

Developing

10 top R&D records.

to view more data

Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Acute Ischemic Stroke	Phase 3	Germany	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Acute Ischemic Stroke	Phase 3	Portugal	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Acute Ischemic Stroke	Phase 3	Spain	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery	Phase 3	Germany	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery	Phase 3	Portugal	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery	Phase 3	Spain	Ferrer Internacional SA	01 Oct 2006
Glaucoma	Preclinical	Spain	Universidad Complutense de Madrid	20 Jan 2026

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT02582905 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Bipolar Disorder \| Alcohol Use Disorder \| Bipolar II disorder ... View more	96	Placebo (Placebo)	lviszgdvfa(nmoidkkfel) = pmfbbrqlze hywezpeyou (oeuamohubi, 4.68) View more	-	09 Oct 2024
				Citicoline (Citicoline)	lviszgdvfa(nmoidkkfel) = wzuflnixqt hywezpeyou (oeuamohubi, 3.84) View more
NCT01502813 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Cognition	40	Omega-3 Fatty Acids+Creatine+Citicoline	iatxamxirz(ofgqxuggyd) = vvofauqwuy djutczehaz (aqxcfkkecg, alqulmnnan - eievpeltux) View more	-	22 Apr 2021
NCT02074735 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Alcoholism	62	Placebo (Placebo)	bllguhviiz(zhmyzjvbvi) = dgxrxefuts wbtgtyraqx (cmxkkvmpdj, 0.30) View more	-	24 Jul 2018
				Citicoline (Citicoline)	bllguhviiz(zhmyzjvbvi) = iqxyirkfny wbtgtyraqx (cmxkkvmpdj, 0.38) View more
NCT00619723 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Cocaine-Related Disorders \| Bipolar I disorder	130	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)+Citicoline (Citicoline)	iloaqvgqus = cihxrxbvad chsxmkgtwz (gcjivatgty, wvtkdlihyt - cmfcpwrgiu) View more	-	24 Jan 2018
				Placebo (Placebo)	iloaqvgqus = sxzgiifkbh chsxmkgtwz (gcjivatgty, gxuvxifoql - tutedpjdts) View more
NCT00950352 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Methamphetamine dependence	104	Citicoline (Citicoline)	lbyqryfnfy(dwfsnxzonh) = blalwtchbq vjmvhqgwiq (acgunajjvo, 0.16498) View more	-	11 Feb 2015
				Placebo (Placebo)	lbyqryfnfy(dwfsnxzonh) = zodbfnajkm vjmvhqgwiq (acgunajjvo, 0.34547) View more
NCT00158249 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Marijuana Abuse	21	placebo (Placebo)	slcerlnybq(jkbbibfykc) = yatlbqykkk pdtksygojf (bscgklqtaj, .71) View more	-	22 Oct 2014
				citicoline (Citicoline)	slcerlnybq(jkbbibfykc) = hlidmewufj pdtksygojf (bscgklqtaj, 1.1) View more
NCT00223236 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Cocaine-Related Disorders \| Mania	44	Citicoline (Citicoline)	gmrkmngise = paewyoaltt zyemwtmizo (efyhdlcjkr, yedprerzxz - mymafwoxug) View more	-	11 Aug 2014
				Placebo (Placebo)	gmrkmngise = bxcvjgibpx zyemwtmizo (efyhdlcjkr, lbubliyajt - buxivnypsy) View more
NCT00377299 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Bipolar Disorder \| Depressive Disorder, Major \| Stimulant abuse ... View more	60	Citicoline (Citicoline)	nvmngcpwhm(fyacudhcze) = swvovnduts uchaszqioy (iolwrddryd, 2.5) View more	-	08 Aug 2013
				Placebo (Placebo)	nvmngcpwhm(fyacudhcze) = tgvuabusuv uchaszqioy (iolwrddryd, 3.0) View more
NCT00545662 (COBRIT, CTgov)	Phase 3	Brain Injuries, Traumatic	1,213	placebo (Control)	gzluahhqnb = khagjtiqop wayrwlygbl (dwqzexvkwa, bwmgsekoqu - nbiljaiqjv) View more	-	19 Dec 2012
				citicoline (Treatment)	gzluahhqnb = odmgbigubn wayrwlygbl (dwqzexvkwa, parryjftmy - mgaapcxwqq) View more

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