Diethylcarbamazine Citrate

Veterinary drugs are widely used to treat livestock diseases, but the emergence of problems related to drug resistance prompted the government of the Republic of Korea to enact laws regulating the use of veterinary drugs in livestock.Monitoring the contents of residual drugs in livestock products at regular intervals is necessary to assess whether the regulations have resulted in the effective management of food product safety and prevent and manage unexpected problems related to this issue.A 2019-2023 livestock product post-marketing monitoring program launched by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) of the Republic of Korea inspected 1135 livestock products.Sixty-two different veterinary drugs were detected among 167 monitored, with a detection rate of 28.2% (320/1135 samples; chicken [125], pork [114], milk [35], beef [30], and egg [16]).Diclazuril was detected most frequently, followed by flumequine, clopidol, and enrofloxacin.Over the past five years, two samples that did not conform to the regulations were identified to contain 20 and 215 ng/g, diclazuril and toltrazuril sulfone, resp.The estimation of exposure and risk assessment revealed that the hazard index of diclazuril was below 75%.However, in case of toltrazuril sulfone, it showed a hazard index exceeding 138% in the scenario of the 95th percentile high consumption of chicken.The results of this study may provide a useful reference in initiating more targeted work in the future, such as the further fine-tuning of food safety monitoring programs and developing food safety standardsIn future studies, the MFDS shall continue to monitor the statuses of residual veterinary drugs in com. livestock products.

Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) is the WHO recommended method used for decision-making to stop or continue the MDA in lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme. The WHO has also recommended Molecular Xenomonitoring (MX) of LF infection in vectors as an adjunct tool in settings under post-MDA or validation period. Screening of non-vectors by MX in post-MDA / validation settings could be useful to prevent a resurgence of LF infection, as there might be low abundance of vectors, especially in some seasons. In this study, we investigated the presence of LF infection in non-vectors in an area endemic for LF and has undergone many rounds of annual MDA with two drugs (Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole, DA) and two rounds of triple drug regimens (Ivermectin + DA).

Mosquitoes were collected from selected villages of Yadgir district in Karnataka state, India, during 2019. A total of 680 female mosquitoes were collected, identified morphologically by species and separated as pools. The female mosquitoes belonging to 3 species viz., Anopheles subpictus, Culex gelidus and Culex quinquefaciatus were separated, pooled, and the DNA extracted using less expensive method and followed by LDR based real-time PCR assay for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti infection in vector as well as non-vector mosquitoes. One pool out of 6 pools of An. subpictus, 2 pools out of 6 pools of Cx. gelidus, and 4 pools out of 8 pools of Cx. quinquefaciatus were found to be positive for W. bancrofti infection by RT-PCR. The infection rate in vectors and non-vectors was found to be 1.8% (95% CI: 0.5-4.2%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2-2.3%), respectively.

Our study showed that non-vectors also harbour W. bancrofti, thus opening an opportunity of using these mosquitoes as surrogate vectors for assessing risk of transmission to humans in LF endemic and post MDA areas.