Raltegravir Potassium

The use of natural precursors for green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is attracting significant attention. However, concerns regarding the characters and performance of CQDs derived from the same natural resource can be raised. In the proposed research, Prunus armeniaca (apricots) juice was utilized as a natural precursor for CQDs through a single-step microwave-assisted method at 700 W for 5 min. The obtained CQDs were characterized and then assessed against those few that had been reported from apricots from different geographical and botanical origins. The developed CQDs showed excitation-dependent photoluminescent characters with red-shift emission (430-510 nm). The greener and cost-effective synthesis pathway had a higher quantum yield (37.1 %), with nano-sized CQDs (≈2.8 nm), and chemical composition of C (44.79 %), O (38.29 %), and N (16.92 %). The developed nanoprobes were then investigated for determination of ramipril (RAL) antihypertensive drug for the first time using this tool. They were found selective and sensitive for RAL determination in bulk powders and biological plasma within the range of 2.0-100.0 ng mL^-1, where the limits of detection and quantification were 0.58 and 1.76 ng mL^-1. The incorporation of RAL led to a notable decrease in the luminescence response of the synthesized green and stable CQDs at 505 nm (excitation 460 nm). Furthermore, the storage stability (in refrigerator) and reusability of the proposed CQDs were effectively confirmed for RAL analysis for 10 weeks. The proposed tool was finally compared to some other reported techniques and was found to be more efficient and cost-effective.

Raltegravir is an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor recommended for use in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess risk of birth defects and other suboptimal outcomes after prenatal exposure to raltegravir.

We used pooled, prospectively collected individual patient data from studies in the European Pregnancy and Paediatric Infections Cohort Collaboration. Pregnancies with any prenatal exposure to raltegravir with outcomes in 2008–2020 were included. Birth defects were classified according to World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases and EUROCAT criteria. Earliest prenatal exposure timing was classified as periconception [exposure at ≤6 completed gestational weeks (GWs)], later first trimester (T1) (exposure in T1 at >6 completed GWs), and second/third trimester (exposure at >12 completed GWs).

A total of 1499 pregnancies across 9 cohorts were included. Where timing was available (n = 1449), earliest raltegravir exposure was in the periconception period for 505 (34.8%), later T1 in 65 (4.5%), and T2/T3 in 879 (60.7%). The overall prevalence of birth defects among live-born infants with prenatal raltegravir exposure was 3.9% (95% confidence interval: 2.9, 5.0) (1443/1466) (International Classification of Diseases), with no increased risk observed for those exposed in the periconception period (P = 0.290). Among singleton live-born infants, 11.9% (160/1346) were born preterm, 11.3% (148/1307) low birthweight, and 8.6% (111/1291) small for gestational age, with no difference in outcomes observed by timing of raltegravir exposure.

These findings add to the evidence base around safety of raltegravir use in pregnancy, although ongoing safety monitoring is needed to rule out risk of rare outcomes.