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Last update 12 Jun 2025

Propranolol Hydrochloride

Last update 12 Jun 2025

Overview

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryPropranolol Hydrochloride, a small molecule drug, targets the β-adrenoceptors as an antagonist, exhibiting an assortment of therapeutic effects.. This drug is used to treat various conditions, including hypertension, angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, atrial premature complexes, bradycardia, and tachycardia. AstraZeneca developed Propranolol Hydrochloride, which received approval on August 18th, 1966. Propranolol Hydrochloride works by blocking the sympathetic nervous system's action on the heart and blood vessels, which ultimately results in a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen demand. Although Propranolol Hydrochloride can be effective in managing these conditions, it can also cause side effects such as fatigue, dizziness, and depression, and as such, it should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Careful monitoring of patients for any adverse effects is also necessary. Overall, Propranolol Hydrochloride is a useful medication for managing heart-related conditions, but each individual patient's case should be carefully considered before use.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-propanol, 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol, beta-Propranolol

+ [38]

Target

β-adrenoceptors

Action

antagonists

Mechanism

β-adrenoceptors antagonists(Beta adrenergic receptors antagonists)

Therapeutic Areas

NeoplasmsNervous System DiseasesCardiovascular Diseases+ [1]

Active Indication

HypoxiaHemangiomaMigraine Disorders+ [9]

Inactive Indication

Capillary HemangiomaCardiomyopathy, HypertrophicEssential Tremor+ [1]

Originator Organization

AstraZeneca PLC

Active Organization

Hainan Nuoen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.Sichuan Aobang Gude Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

+ [7]

Inactive Organization

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC

Pierre Fabre SA

License Organization

Pierre Fabre (Shanghai) Medical Technology Co., Ltd.

Wuhan Kefu New Drug Co., Ltd.

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

Japan (18 Aug 1966),

Angina PectorisAtrial FibrillationAtrial Premature Complexes+ [4]

RegulationOrphan Drug (United States), Orphan Drug (European Union), Orphan Drug (South Korea), Priority Review (China)

Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC16H22ClNO2

InChIKeyZMRUPTIKESYGQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Registry318-98-9

425

Clinical Trials associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

NCT06670976

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 1IIT

Pilot Study of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treated With Propranolol and Radiation

This phase I trial tests the safety, tolerability and impact of adding propranolol to standard radiation therapy (RT) before surgery for the treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Sarcomas are a diverse group of rare tumors arising from connective tissue. Approximately 13,000-16,000 new cases of sarcomas arise in the United States annually. Sarcoma management involves multidisciplinary team decision making and treatment is multimodal utilizing chemotherapy (if needed) and RT prior to surgical intervention. Propranolol is a drug that has been used for many years for high blood pressure by blocking both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Preclinical data suggests that blocking the beta-2 adrenergic receptors can improve the response to both chemotherapy and radiation. Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill tumor cells and shrink tumors. RT before surgery makes the tumor smaller and reduces the amount of tissue that needs to be removed during surgery. Surgery is the most common treatment for soft tissue sarcoma. Giving propranolol with standard RT before surgery may be safe, tolerable and impactful in treating patients with soft tissue carcinoma.

Start Date15 May 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

NCT06870370

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 3IIT

Role of Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Blocker in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

The role of nonselective beta adrenergic blocker as antistress agent in severe traumatic brain injury

Start Date20 Sep 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Tanta University

NCT05797662

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 2IIT

A Phase II Study of Propranolol for the Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma in Children and Adults

A clinical study of propranolol for the treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma in children and adults. This study will be an open-label single armed treatment trial that will test the effectiveness and the safety of treating Kaposi Sarcoma with propranolol.

Start Date01 Jul 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

National Cancer Institute

100 Clinical Results associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

100 Translational Medicine associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

51,642

Literatures (Medical) associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

31 Dec 2025·European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Hippocampal connectivity changes after traumatic memory reactivation with propranolol for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized fMRI study

Article

Author: Leroy, A. ; Birmes, P. ; Vaiva, G. ; Jardri, R. ; Taib, S. ; Richaud, L. ; Loubinoux, I. ; Very, E. ; Bourcier, A. ; Roullet, P.

Background: Reactivation of traumatic memory under the influence of propranolol has shown encouraging clinical results in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neural correlates remain unknown. To identify these correlates, we examined the changes in brain functional connectivity specifically associated with the influence of propranolol and their correlation with improvement in PTSD symptoms.Objectives: To identify resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) changes specifically associated with propranolol after a traumatic memory reactivation procedure (TMRP) in PTSD patients.Method: Thirty patients (50% of women) with PTSD were enrolled in a randomized controlled study comprised of six sessions of a traumatic memory reactivation procedure (TMRP) under the influence of propranolol (n = 16), compared to the same reactivation under a placebo (n = 14). Patients were scanned twice by functional magnetic resonance before and after treatment. Resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) was compared across groups and over time.Results: Post versus pretreatment comparisons found an increase in rs-FC between the right hippocampus and the left parahippocampal gyrus in the propranolol group, but not in the placebo group. Symptom improvement in both groups were associated with an increase in rs-FC between the parahippocampal gyrus and both the supramarginal gyrus and the amygdala.Conclusions: During TMRP treatment, propranolol appears to constrain functional connectivity changes in the explicit memory brain system. These findings require further replication and exploration but could distinguish the effect of TMRP on the brain from other forms of PTSD psychotherapy.

31 Dec 2025·REDOX REPORT

Norepinephrine promotes oxidative stress in vascular adventitial fibroblasts via PKC/NFκB-mediated NOX2 upregulation

Article

Author: Zhu, Guo-Qing ; Dai, Min ; Wang, Jing-Xiao ; Wang, Yi-Ming ; Dong, Hong-Ke ; Xu, Xiao-Yu ; Li, Xiu-Zhen

BACKGROUND:

Sympathetic overactivity is closely associated with vascular remodeling. Sympathetic fibers dominantly innervate the adventitia of arteries rather than tunica media. Vascular adventitial fibroblasts (VAFs) play crucial roles in vascular remodeling. However, the link between sympathetic overactivity and VAF proliferation and migration is unknown.

METHODS:

Primary VAFs were isolated from the thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Norepinephrine (NE) bitartrate monohydrate was applied to VAFs to simulate the sympathetic overactivity.

RESULTS:

NE increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 expression and superoxide level, which were almost abolished by NOX2 inhibitor GSK2795039 or α-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, but not significantly affected by NOX1 inhibitor ML171, NOX4 inhibitor GLX351322 or β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Superoxide scavenger tempol or NOX2 inhibitor GSK2795039 attenuated NE-induced VAF proliferation and migration. NE promoted protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation and NFκB-p65 nuclear translocation. Either PKC inhibitor Go6983 or NFκB inhibitor BAY11-7082 attenuated NE-induced NOX activation, NOX2 upregulation, superoxide production, proliferation and migration.

CONCLUSION:

NE promotes oxidative stress by α-receptor/PKC/NFκB-mediated NOX2 upregulation, which contributes to proliferation and migration of VAFs.

01 Dec 2025·European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery

Effects of early propranolol administration on mortality from severe, traumatic brain injury: a retrospective propensity score-matched registry study

Article

Author: Hong, Jinpyo ; Rizk, Elias ; Hallan, David R ; Jareczek, Francis J ; Park, Haejoe ; Bailey, David ; Stoltzfus, Mason T ; Freedman, Zachary

BACKGROUND:

The role of beta-blockers in severe, traumatic brain injury (TBI) management is debated. Severe TBI may elicit a surge of catecholamines, which has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize administering propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, within 48 h of TBI will reduce patient mortality within 30 days of injury. The TriNetX database was leveraged to determine if administering a propranolol within 48 h of severe TBI improves outcomes within 30 days of injury.

METHODS:

The TriNetX Research Network was used to form two cohorts using retrospective data from 106,294,356 patient profiles from 9/10/2022, which included patients from years 2022 to 2022. The propranolol-receiving cohort included all patients who received the first-instance diagnosis of severe TBI (defined by a Glascow coma scale score of 3-8) and propranolol within 48 h of injury. The non-propranolol-receiving cohort included all patients with the same diagnosis of severe TBI but did not receive beta-blockers. The primary outcome of interest was mortality at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included gastrostomy tube placement, neurosurgical intervention in the form of craniotomy, craniectomy, burr hole drainage, seizure, and cardiac arrest.

RESULTS:

After propensity score-matching, 381 patients were identified for both cohorts. At 30 days post-severe TBI, 22.7% (84) of patients from the cohort that received propranolol, and 30.77% (116) from the cohort that did not, were deceased (OR 0.66), 95% CI [0.48, 0.92]), (p 0.01). TBI patients who received propranolol also had lower odds of requiring neurosurgical intervention, experience seizures, and cardiac arrest.

CONCLUSION:

The results of this study demonstrate significantly reduced mortality within 30 days of injury and fewer neurosurgical interventions, seizures, and episodes of cardiac arrest in severe TBI patients who received propranolol within 48 h of injury.

News (Medical) associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

10 Jun 2025

·axsometherapeuticsinc.gcs-web.com

Axsome Therapeutics Announces Availability of SYMBRAVO® (meloxicam and rizatriptan) for the Acute Treatment of Migraine with or without Aura in Adults

SYMBRAVO represents a novel multi-mechanistic approach to treating migraine that addresses multiple pathways underlying a migraine attack SYMBRAVO On My Side offers comprehensive patient support services including access and prescription drug support NEW YORK, June 10, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: AXSM), a biopharmaceutical company leading a new era in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, today announced that SYMBRAVO® (meloxicam and rizatriptan) is now available by prescription in the United States for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.1 SYMBRAVO represents a novel multi-mechanistic approach to treating migraine that targets multiple brain pathways underlying a migraine attack. SYMBRAVO rapidly provides migraine pain freedom and returns patients to normal functioning at 2 hours versus placebo, with lasting pain freedom sustained from 2 to 24 hours in some patients after a single dose. Stewart J. Tepper, MD, Vice President of The New England Institute for Neurology and Headache, said, “Many individuals living with migraine do not achieve adequate pain relief with currently available acute treatments. SYMBRAVO therefore provides a potentially valuable new treatment option as a rapid-acting and durable multi-mechanistic approach. Taken together with the demonstrated data showing effectiveness across a spectrum of migraine severities, I believe that SYMBRAVO offers potentially significant clinical benefits for patients, especially those reporting inadequate relief from migraine pain with their existing treatment program.” Susan Lane Stone, MBA, CEO of the National Headache Foundation (NHF), commented, “The National Headache Foundation educational and advocacy programs encourage the over 40 million Americans (including 31.5 million women and 6.7 million members of the military community) to speak up about their own unique acute migraine journey. Many are still seeking solutions, as they have not yet found relief, so having a new FDA-approved option for the acute treatment of migraine will help address this significant unmet need. For over 50 years, the NHF has been a credible resource for the headache and migraine disorders community. NHF’s awareness and educational initiatives have focused on the recognition that head pain and other bothersome symptoms are very real daily challenges for each person living with migraine attacks.” Ari Maizel, Chief Commercial Officer of Axsome, added, “We are very pleased to launch SYMBRAVO, powered by Axsome’s patented MoSEIC™ technology, and deliver a novel therapy to the millions of people living with migraine. At Axsome, we are intensely committed to improving the lives of patients. To ensure patient access to this important and distinct medicine, we are also providing comprehensive patient support, which includes a SYMBRAVO On My Side savings program for eligible patients as well as educational resources and tools.” Migraine is a debilitating condition characterized by recurrent attacks of pulsating, often severe and disabling head pain, accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light, and/or sensitivity to sound.2 Migraine affects approximately 40 million people in the U.S. and according to the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019, is the second leading cause of all disability worldwide.3,4 A recent survey of more than 1700 migraine patients showed that 63% were not satisfied with their current treatment plan.5 Resources for Patients and Healthcare Providers For patients, Axsome provides robust and comprehensive support services through the Symbravo On My Side program. The Company’s Symbravo On My Side Savings Card reduces patient out-of-pocket costs for commercially insured eligible patients who qualify. Axsome’s Symbravo On My Side program provides patients with educational resources and tools for patients to facilitate discussions with their healthcare providers. More information on the patient programs and services can be found at symbravo.com. About SYMBRAVO SYMBRAVO (meloxicam and rizatriptan, 20 mg/10mg tablets) is a novel, oral, single-dose medicine approved for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. SYMBRAVO consists of MoSEIC™ meloxicam and rizatriptan. Meloxicam is a new molecular entity for migraine enabled by Axsome’s MoSEIC (Molecular Solubility Enhanced Inclusion Complex) technology, which enables the rapid absorption of meloxicam while maintaining a long plasma half-life. Meloxicam is a COX-2 preferential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and rizatriptan is a 5-HT1B/1D agonist. SYMBRAVO is designed to provide rapid, enhanced, and consistent migraine pain relief, and reduced symptom recurrence. The exact mechanism of action of SYMBRAVO in the treatment of acute migraine is unknown. For more information, visit www.symbravo.com. INDICATION AND IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION What is SYMBRAVO (sim-BRAH-voh)? SYMBRAVO is a combination of meloxicam (an NSAID) and rizatriptan (a triptan). SYMBRAVO is an oral prescription medicine used to treat acute migraine headaches with or without aura in adults. SYMBRAVO is not used to prevent or decrease the number of migraine headaches you have or for treatment of hemiplegic or basilar migraines. SYMBRAVO is not indicated as a treatment for cluster headaches or for use in children. WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT INFORMATION I SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SYMBRAVO? SYMBRAVO may increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke that can lead to death. This risk may happen early in treatment and may increase with increasing doses, and longer use, of NSAIDs. Do not take SYMBRAVO right before or after a heart surgery called a “coronary artery bypass graft” (CABG). Avoid taking SYMBRAVO after a recent heart attack unless your healthcare provider (HCP) tells you to. You may have an increased risk of another heart attack if you take NSAIDs after a recent heart attack. Stop taking SYMBRAVO and get emergency help right away if you have any of the following symptoms which can be indicative of a heart attack or stroke: discomfort in your chest that lasts for more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back severe tightness, pain, pressure, or heaviness in your chest, throat, neck, or jaw pain or discomfort in your arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort breaking out in a cold sweat nausea or vomiting feeling lightheaded weakness in one part or one side of your body slurred speech People with risk factors for heart disease should not take SYMBRAVO unless a heart exam is done and shows no problem. You have higher risk for heart disease if you: have high blood pressure have high cholesterol smoke are overweight have diabetes or a family history of diabetes SYMBRAVO can increase the risk of potentially life-threatening bleeding, ulcers, and tears (perforation) of the esophagus (tube leading from the mouth to the stomach), stomach, and intestines that can occur anytime during use and without warning symptoms. SYMBRAVO may cause serious allergic or skin reactions which can be life-threatening. Stop taking SYMBRAVO and get emergency help right away if you develop: sudden wheezing or problems breathing or swallowing rash or reddening of your skin with blisters or peeling blisters or bleeding of your lips, eye lids, mouth, nose, or genitals swelling of your lips, tongue, throat or body fainting SYMBRAVO already contains an NSAID (meloxicam). Do not use SYMBRAVO with other medicines to lessen pain or fever or with other medicines for colds or sleeping problems without talking to your HCP first, because they may contain an NSAID also. Do not take SYMBRAVO if you: have or had heart problems or right before or after heart bypass surgery have or had a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) have or had blood vessel problems of your legs and arms, stomach (ischemic bowel disease), or kidneys have or had hemiplegic or basilar migraines have uncontrolled high blood pressure take propranolol containing medicines have taken other triptan or ergot-containing medicines within the last 24 hours take an antidepressant medicine called monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or have taken a MAOI within the last 2 weeks are allergic to meloxicam, rizatriptan, NSAIDs, or any of the ingredients in SYMBRAVO have had an asthma attack, hives, or other allergic reaction after taking aspirin or any other NSAIDs have moderate to severe kidney problems and are at risk of kidney failure or if you are on dialysis SYMBRAVO may cause serious side effects. These serious side effects include: heartbeats that are too fast or too slow (arrhythmias) new or worse high blood pressure heart failure life-threatening skin reactions liver or kidney problems including organ failure low red blood cell count (anemia) asthma attacks in people who have asthma Medication Overuse Headaches: Some people who use too many SYMBRAVO tablets may have worse headaches. If your headaches get worse, your HCP may decide to stop your treatment with SYMBRAVO. Stop taking SYMBRAVO and get emergency help right away if you have any of the following: Stomach and intestinal problems. Symptoms of gastrointestinal and colonic ischemic events may include sudden or severe stomach pains even after meals; sudden weight loss; severe nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea; and bloody diarrhea. Circulation problems to legs and feet. Symptoms of peripheral vascular ischemia may include cramping and pain in your legs and hips; heaviness or tightness in leg muscles; burning, aching, numbness, tingling, or weakness in your legs, feet, or toes; cold feelings or color changes in one or both legs or feet. Serotonin syndrome. Can happen when taking SYMBRAVO with antidepressant medicines called SSRIs or SNRIs. Stop taking SYMBRAVO and call your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms: mental status changes including agitation, hallucinations, or coma fast heartbeat changes in your blood pressure increased body temperature tight muscles trouble walking mental status changes including agitation, hallucinations, or coma fast heartbeat changes in your blood pressure increased body temperature tight muscles trouble walking Stop taking SYMBRAVO and call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms: nausea vomiting blood more tired or weaker than usual blood in your bowel movement or it is black and sticky like tar diarrhea itching, skin rash, or blisters with fever unusual weight gain your skin or eyes look yellow indigestion or stomach pain swelling of the arms, legs, hands, or feet flu-like symptoms tenderness in your right upper side vision problems COMMON SIDE EFFECTS The most common side effects of SYMBRAVO include dizziness and tiredness. These are not all the possible side effects of SYMBRAVO. Tell your doctor if you have any side effects. You are encouraged to report side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch, or call 1–800-FDA-1088. BEFORE USING Tell your HCP about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. It is important to tell your HCP if you are taking: Propranolol containing medicines such as Inderal® LA or Innopran® XL Aspirin or other anti-coagulants (blood thinners) Medicines to help your mood including SSRIs and SNRIs If you are unsure if you take any of these medicines, ask your HCP. They can tell you if it is safe to take SYMBRAVO with your other medicines. Tell your HCP if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. SYMBRAVO is not recommended during pregnancy. Taking NSAIDs, including SYMBRAVO, at about 20 weeks of pregnancy or later may harm your unborn baby. NSAIDs, including SYMBRAVO, should not be taken after about 30 weeks of pregnancy. Tell your HCP if you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Propranolol containing medicines such as Inderal® LA or Innopran® XL Aspirin or other anti-coagulants (blood thinners) Medicines to help your mood including SSRIs and SNRIs Tell your HCP about all your medical conditions, including if you: have or have had heart problems, high blood pressure, chest pain, or shortness of breath have any risk factors for heart or blood vessel problems have kidney or liver problems have asthma Review the list below with your HCP. SYMBRAVO may not be right for you if: take daily preventative aspirin you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed HOW TO TAKE SYMBRAVO is available by prescription only. Take SYMBRAVO exactly as instructed by your HCP. The maximum daily dose of SYMBRAVO is 1 tablet. Talk to your HCP about what to do if your headache does not go away or comes back. Take SYMBRAVO for the shortest time needed. Swallow SYMBRAVO tablets whole. Do not crush, chew, or divide the tablets. SYMBRAVO can be taken with or without food. Do not give SYMBRAVO to other people. If you take too much SYMBRAVO call your poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. LEARN MORE For more information about SYMBRAVO, call 866-496-2976 or visit SYMBRAVO.com. This summary provides basic information about SYMBRAVO but does not include all information known about this medicine. Read the information that comes with your prescription each time your prescription is filled. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor. Be sure to talk to your doctor or other HCP about SYMBRAVO and how to take it. Your HCP is the best person to help you decide if SYMBRAVO is right for you. SYM CON BS 01/2025 Please see full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning for risk of serious cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adverse events, and Medication Guide. About Axsome Therapeutics Axsome Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company leading a new era in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) conditions. We deliver scientific breakthroughs by identifying critical gaps in care and develop differentiated products with a focus on novel mechanisms of action that enable meaningful advancements in patient outcomes. Our industry-leading neuroscience portfolio includes FDA-approved treatments for major depressive disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea, and migraine, and multiple late-stage development programs addressing a broad range of serious neurological and psychiatric conditions that impact over 150 million people in the United States. Together, we are on a mission to solve some of the brain’s biggest problems so patients and their loved ones can flourish. For more information, please visit us at www.axsome.com and follow us on LinkedIn and X. Forward Looking Statements Certain matters discussed in this press release are “forward-looking statements”. The Company may, in some cases, use terms such as “predicts,” “believes,” “potential,” “continue,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should” or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. In particular, the Company’s statements regarding trends and potential future results are examples of such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements include risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the commercial success of the Company’s SUNOSI®, AUVELITY®, and SYMBRAVO® products and the success of the Company’s efforts to obtain any additional indication(s) with respect to solriamfetol and/or AXS-05; the Company’s ability to maintain and expand payer coverage; the success, timing and cost of the Company’s ongoing clinical trials and anticipated clinical trials for the Company’s current product candidates, including statements regarding the timing of initiation, pace of enrollment and completion of the trials (including the Company’s ability to fully fund the Company’s disclosed clinical trials, which assumes no material changes to the Company’s currently projected revenues or expenses), futility analyses and receipt of interim results, which are not necessarily indicative of the final results of the Company’s ongoing clinical trials, and/or data readouts, and the number or type of studies or nature of results necessary to support the filing of a new drug application (“NDA”) for any of the Company’s current product candidates; the Company’s ability to fund additional clinical trials to continue the advancement of the Company’s product candidates; the timing of and the Company’s ability to obtain and maintain U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or other regulatory authority approval of, or other action with respect to, the Company’s product candidates, including statements regarding the timing of any NDA submission; the Company’s ability to successfully defend its intellectual property or obtain the necessary licenses at a cost acceptable to the Company, if at all; the Company’s ability to successfully resolve any intellectual property litigation, and even if such disputes are settled, whether the applicable federal agencies will approve of such settlements; the successful implementation of the Company’s research and development programs and collaborations; the success of the Company’s license agreements; the acceptance by the market of the Company’s products and product candidates, if approved; the Company’s anticipated capital requirements, including the amount of capital required for the commercialization of SUNOSI, AUVELITY, and SYMBRAVO and for the Company’s commercial launch of its other product candidates, if approved, and the potential impact on the Company’s anticipated cash runway; the Company’s ability to convert sales to recognized revenue and maintain a favorable gross to net sales; unforeseen circumstances or other disruptions to normal business operations arising from or related to domestic political climate, geo-political conflicts or a global pandemic and other factors, including general economic conditions and regulatory developments, not within the Company’s control. The factors discussed herein could cause actual results and developments to be materially different from those expressed in or implied by such statements. The forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this press release and the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstance. Investors: Mark Jacobson Chief Operating Officer (212) 332-3243 mjacobson@axsome.com Media: Darren Opland Director, Corporate Communications (929) 837-1065 dopland@axsome.com References: Source: Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.

Drug Approval

28 May 2025

·www.businesswire.com

Drug Repurposing Strategic Research Business Report 2024-2025 & 2030 - Patent Expiry Pressures Encourage Pharma Companies to Extend Value of Existing Assets via New Indications - ResearchAndMarkets.com

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Drug Repurposing - Global Strategic Business Report" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. The global market for Drug Repurposing was valued at US$29.4 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach US$37.3 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of market trends, drivers, and forecasts, helping you make informed business decisions. The report includes the most recent global tariff developments and how they impact the Drug Repurposing market. Drug repurposing - also known as drug repositioning - involves identifying new therapeutic uses for existing or previously shelved drugs. This approach is experiencing a renaissance as pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and health authorities seek faster, more cost-effective pathways to address unmet medical needs. Traditional drug development can take over a decade and cost billions, with high rates of clinical failure. In contrast, repurposed drugs have already cleared significant safety and pharmacokinetic hurdles, enabling developers to bypass early-stage trials and significantly reduce time to market. This has made repurposing a highly attractive strategy, particularly in areas like rare diseases, oncology, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. What Is Driving Growth and Strategic Investment in Drug Repurposing? The growth in the drug repurposing market is driven by several factors related to technological enablement, regulatory facilitation, and evolving pharmaceutical strategies. AI and bioinformatics platforms are significantly improving the success rate of repurposing projects by predicting mechanisms of action and identifying off-target effects with high precision. The availability of large-scale biomedical datasets - including omics profiles, disease registries, and patient-level data - provides fertile ground for cross-indication mapping and drug efficacy modeling. These technologies reduce the risk, cost, and time traditionally associated with de novo drug development. End-use adoption is also accelerating. Biotechnology firms are increasingly pursuing repurposing as a core business model, while large pharma companies are integrating repurposing into life-cycle management to extend the value of off-patent or low-performing assets. Regulatory bodies are introducing streamlined pathways for approvals - such as the 505(b)(2) route in the U.S. - which allows developers to leverage existing safety and efficacy data while only requiring supplemental clinical evidence for new indications. This has created a favorable environment for licensing, joint ventures, and venture capital investment in repurposing ventures. Furthermore, patient advocacy groups and rare disease foundations are lobbying for and funding repurposing studies, driving both awareness and clinical momentum. These combined forces are ensuring that drug repurposing remains a strategic and rapidly growing pillar in the global pharmaceutical innovation ecosystem. What Are the Emerging Trends Transforming the Drug Repurposing Landscape? A major trend reshaping the repurposing market is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into drug discovery pipelines. Computational models can now analyze massive datasets - ranging from genomic data to real-world evidence and electronic health records - to identify novel drug-disease relationships. AI-driven platforms are enabling in silico screening of compound libraries to prioritize candidates for preclinical and clinical evaluation. This is especially impactful in rare disease treatment and precision oncology, where traditional pipelines often struggle due to limited patient populations and high R&D costs. Collaborative consortia and public-private partnerships are also on the rise. Initiatives like the NIH's NCATS (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences) and Open Targets are pooling data and resources across academia, industry, and government to accelerate repurposing efforts. Additionally, patent expiration of blockbuster drugs is fueling new interest in repurposing by generics and specialty pharma companies. Regulatory frameworks are evolving too - efforts to provide clearer guidance for 505(b)(2) approvals in the U.S. and adaptive licensing models in Europe are making it easier to navigate the intellectual property and clinical validation landscape. These trends are creating fertile ground for innovation, collaboration, and accelerated drug development across disease areas. Which Therapeutic Areas Are Benefiting Most from Repurposing Strategies? The impact of drug repurposing is most visible in complex and underserved therapeutic areas. In oncology, for instance, repurposed drugs are being explored as adjuvants or second-line treatments. Metformin (a diabetes drug), propranolol (a beta-blocker), and itraconazole (an antifungal) have shown anticancer potential in various studies. In neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, drugs targeting inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and mitochondrial function are being repositioned to slow disease progression - areas where novel therapies have struggled. This repurposing model offers new hope in high-failure domains by leveraging known pharmacodynamics to target secondary pathways. In infectious diseases, especially with rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), repositioned antivirals and antibiotics are filling critical gaps. For example, certain anticancer agents have shown unexpected antibacterial or antifungal effects, while psychiatric drugs are being investigated for their immunomodulatory roles in viral infections. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, also stand to benefit, as researchers uncover overlapping pathways with other disease classes. Even mental health treatments are seeing cross-utility - ketamine's use in treatment-resistant depression is a prime example. These cross-therapeutic applications are broadening the value proposition of many legacy drugs, supporting their reintegration into modern treatment paradigms. Report Scope Key Insights: Report Features: Segments Tariff Impact Analysis: Key Insights for 2025 What's Included in This Edition: Buyers receive a free July 2025 update with: Key Attributes: Key Topics Covered: MARKET OVERVIEW MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS: Some of the 41 companies featured in this report For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/49iyr8 About ResearchAndMarkets.com ResearchAndMarkets.com is the world's leading source for international market research reports and market data. We provide you with the latest data on international and regional markets, key industries, the top companies, new products and the latest trends.

15 May 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

Amneal Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Brekiya® (dihydroergotamine mesylate) injection for the Acute Treatment of Migraine and Cluster Headaches in Adults

Brekiya® becomes the first and only DHE autoinjector that allows patients to self-administer the same medication used in hospitals in a ready-to-use form Product will be available for appropriate patients in the second half of 2025 BRIDGEWATER, N.J., May 15, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: AMRX) (“Amneal” or the “Company”) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Brekiya® (dihydroergotamine mesylate) injection, the first and only dihydroergotamine (DHE) autoinjector for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura and the acute treatment of cluster headaches in adults.1,2 Brekiya autoinjector provides patients with the potential for sustained* pain relief† in a convenient, self-administered form.1,3,4 It contains the same medication (DHE) used in hospitals, now in a ready-to-use device.1,5 Brekiya autoinjector does not require refrigeration, assembly, or priming of the device.1 Patients can deliver one dose subcutaneously into the middle of the thigh.1 This may be beneficial for patients who respond inadequately to oral therapies due to lack of efficacy, experience nausea or vomiting during attacks, have gastroparesis, or delay dosing until too late into the attack.1,5,6 “We are thrilled to offer the first and only ready-to-use autoinjector for patients suffering from acute migraine and cluster headaches. Physicians are familiar with DHE, which is an effective and well-established therapy that provides sustained relief for headaches. Our single-dose autoinjector represents an innovative therapeutic option for patients that allows for quick self-administration of the medication during these painful attacks without visiting the emergency room,” said Joe Renda, Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer – Specialty. DHE is commonly administered in emergency rooms, urgent care facilities, and headache clinics intravenously. DHE can be used at any point during a migraine attack, and may protect patients from headache recurrence.1,3,4 Approximately 39 million Americans are living with migraine7, and up to one million with cluster headache.8 Also, headache is the fourth most common reason for emergency department visits, and accounts for 3% of all emergency room visits in the United States.9 There are limited treatment options available for cluster headache, and Brekiya autoinjector represents a new treatment option for this underserved population.2 Do not take Brekiya autoinjector with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors including protease inhibitors and macrolide antibiotics. See additional Important Safety Information below. IndicationBrekiya autoinjector is a prescription medicine used for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura and acute cluster headaches in adults. Brekiya autoinjector is not used to prevent migraine or used to treat other types of headaches such as hemiplegic migraines (that make you unable to move on one side of your body) or basilar migraines (rare form of migraine with aura). It is not known if Brekiya autoinjector is safe and effective in children. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATIONSerious or potentially life-threatening reductions in blood flow to the brain or extremities due to interactions between dihydroergotamine (the active ingredient in Brekiya autoinjector) with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as protease inhibitors and macrolide antibiotics) have been reported rarely. As a result, these medications should not be taken together. Do not use Brekiya autoinjector if you: are taking medicines known as strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as: ritonavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, or itraconazole.have heart problems or a history of heart problems, or uncontrolled high blood pressure.have narrowing of blood vessels in your legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys (peripheral vascular disease).have sepsis, had vascular surgery, severe liver or kidney problems.are allergic to dihydroergotamine, ergot alkaloids, latex, or any of the ingredients in Brekiya autoinjector.have taken any of the following medicines in the last 24 hours: sumatriptan, frovatriptan, ergotamine or ergotamine-type medicines, almotriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan, eletriptan, or rizatriptanhave taken any medicines that constrict your blood vessels or raise your blood pressure. Before you take Brekiya autoinjector, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you: have high blood pressure, liver problems, or kidney problems.have risk factors for heart disease, such as: high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoke, are overweight, diabetes, family history of heart disease.are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Brekiya autoinjector may cause preterm labor. Brekiya autoinjector should be avoided during pregnancy. Talk to your healthcare provider right away if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Brekiya autoinjector may reduce breast milk supply and pass into your breast milk. Brekiya autoinjector may be harmful to your baby. Do not breastfeed your baby while taking Brekiya autoinjector and for 3 days after you use Brekiya autoinjector. Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take Brekiya autoinjector. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take: sumatriptan, ergot-type medicine, saquinavir, nefazodone, fluconazole, grapefruit juice, zileuton, nicotine, propranolol or other medicines that can lower your heart rate, any medicines that can increase your blood pressure, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These are not all of the medicines that could affect how Brekiya autoinjector works. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take Brekiya autoinjector with other medicines. How should I use Brekiya autoinjector? Certain people should take their first dose of Brekiya autoinjector in their healthcare provider’s office or in another medical setting.Brekiya autoinjector is for injection under the skin (subcutaneous) only.Use Brekiya autoinjector exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to use it.Each autoinjector contains one dose (1 mg).If your headache comes back after the first complete dose, you may give yourself up to 2 more doses as needed. Wait at least one hour between doses.Do not inject more than 3 doses (3 mg) of Brekiya autoinjector in a 24-hour period or 6 doses (6 mg) in a 1-week (7 day) period. What are the possible side effects of Brekiya autoinjector?Brekiya autoinjector can cause serious side effects, including: Heart attack and other heart problems. Heart problems may lead to death. Stop taking Brekiya autoinjector and get emergency medical help right away if you have any symptoms of a heart attack, such as: numbness or tingling in your fingers and toes, muscle pain or cramps in your arms and legs, weakness in your legs, temporary speeding or slowing of your heart rate, or swelling or itching. Brekiya autoinjector is not for people with risk factors for heart disease unless a heart exam is done and shows no problem. Stroke. Stop using Brekiya autoinjector and get emergency medical help right away if you have any of the symptoms of a stroke.Changes in color or sensation in your fingers and toes (Raynaud’s syndrome).Stomach and intestinal problems.Increased blood pressure.Medicine overuse headache. Some people who use too much Brekiya autoinjector may make their headaches worse. If your headaches get worse, your healthcare provider may decide to stop your treatment with Brekiya autoinjector.Preterm labor.Tissue changes (fibrotic complications). Inflammation and fiber-like tissue that is not normal (fibrosis) can occur around the lungs and stomach. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of Brekiya autoinjector. Call your healthcare provider for medical advice about side effects. How should I store Brekiya autoinjector? Store at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Do not refrigerate or freeze.Protect Brekiya autoinjector from light.Keep Brekiya autoinjector in the original pack until ready to use. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Amneal Specialty, a division of Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC at 1-877-835-5472, or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. Please see full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning, Medication Guide, and Instructions for Use at Brekiya.com. *Sustained represents a duration of approximately 24-72 hours2,3†Cluster headache results reported using IV administration.4 References: Brekiya [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC; 2025.Data on File. Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC.Winner P, Ricalde O, Le Force B, Saper J, Margul B. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(2):180-184.Mather PJ, Silberstein SD, Schulman EA, Hopkins MM. Headache. 1991;31(8):525-532.Silberstein SD, Shrewsbury SB, Hoekman J. Headache. 2020;60(1):40-57. doi:10.1111/head.13700Aurora SK, Papapetropoulos S, Kori SH, Kedar A, Abell TL. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(6):408-415.https://migraineresearchfoundation.org/about-migraine/migraine-facts/https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/cluster-headache-2/Phelan, M, Thompson NR, Zubair A et al. Emergency department utilization among patients who receive outpatient specialty care for headache: A retrospective cohort study analysis. Headache. 2023;63:472–483. Brekiya is a registered trademark of Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC. About AmnealAmneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: AMRX), headquartered in Bridgewater, NJ, is a global biopharmaceutical company. We make healthy possible through the development, manufacturing, and distribution of a diverse portfolio of over 280 pharmaceuticals, primarily within the United States. In its Affordable Medicines segment, the Company is expanding across a broad range of complex product categories and therapeutic areas, including injectables and biosimilars. In its Specialty segment, Amneal has a growing portfolio of branded pharmaceuticals focused primarily on central nervous system and endocrine disorders. Through its AvKARE segment, the Company is a distributor of pharmaceuticals and other products for the U.S. federal government, retail, and institutional markets. For more information, please visit www.amneal.com and follow us on LinkedIn. Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking StatementsCertain statements contained herein, regarding matters that are not historical facts, may be forward-looking statements (as defined in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Such forward-looking statements include statements regarding management’s intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations, financial results, or forecasts for the future, including among other things: discussions of future operations; expected or estimated operating results and financial performance; and statements regarding our positioning, including our ability to drive sustainable long-term growth, and other non-historical statements. Words such as “plans,” “expects,” “will,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” and similar words, or the negatives thereof, are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are also subject generally to other risks and uncertainties that are described from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and in its subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. Forward-looking statements included herein speak only as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation to revise or update such statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date hereof. Investor Contact Anthony DiMeoVP, Investor Relations anthony.dimeo@amneal.comMedia ContactBrandon SkopSr. Director, Corporate CommunicationsBrandon.skop@amneal.com PP-PRS-DHE-US-0001 05/2025

Drug Approval

100 Deals associated with Propranolol Hydrochloride

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KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00483	Propranolol Hydrochloride	C07AA05	DB00571

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Hypoxia	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Nov 2014
Hemangioma	United States	Pierre Fabre Médicament SAS	14 Mar 2014
Essential Hypertension	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Coronary Artery Disease	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Essential Tremor	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Hypertension	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Migraine Disorders	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Myocardial Infarction	United States	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC	13 Nov 1967
Angina Pectoris	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Atrial Fibrillation	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Atrial Premature Complexes	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Bradycardia	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Pheochromocytoma	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Tachycardia	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966
Tachycardia, Sinus	Japan	Taiyo Pharma Co., Ltd.	18 Aug 1966

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	United States	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Australia	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Canada	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Czechia	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	France	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Germany	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Hungary	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Italy	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Lithuania	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010
Capillary Hemangioma	Phase 3	Mexico	Pierre Fabre SA	01 Jan 2010

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Phase

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT04047355 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Aggression \| Developmental Disabilities \| Autistic Disorder ... View more	8	Propranolol (Propranolol Phase)	rrutoifpuu(zqvluwtztw) = mcrhgpebkw qpwengvzgz (ruugdgyfcf, qhlztgvdvw - pdhjrdbxjy) View more	-	04 Jun 2025
				placebo (Placebo Phase)	rrutoifpuu(zqvluwtztw) = mxiwotvhlo qpwengvzgz (ruugdgyfcf, qeqbpkzzvh - iosmxygzlc) View more
NCT03152786 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Prostatic Cancer	46	Survey Administration+Propranolol Hydrochloride (Group I (Propranolol Hydrochloride))	lagqjjntgx(ncxvbloaev) = hztuizkerw oolcssdahk (dnlvdhzvam, .33) View more	-	17 Feb 2025
				Survey Administration (Group II (no Treatment))	lagqjjntgx(ncxvbloaev) = mipjntxuzk oolcssdahk (dnlvdhzvam, .46) View more
NCT05561751 (ASH2024) Manual	Phase 2	Multiple Myeloma CD34+	20	Propranolol+G-CSF+ Burixafor	slbxjcaevs(wrfnawpnrw) = iesnkjdeki havuhtnxoo (pvuqjflfhr )	Positive	09 Dec 2024
ESC2024	Not Applicable	Ventricular Premature Complexes	-	Propranolol	ahlavsajry(vtrgyaiyzc) = ccxoqzmias ojphywocbb (tcbkvtqtyy, 7.7)	-	09 Apr 2024
				Propranolol (Catheter Ablation)	ahlavsajry(vtrgyaiyzc) = ptcqnzrjos ojphywocbb (tcbkvtqtyy, 7.7)
NCT04757584 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Heart failure with normal ejection fraction \| Heart Failure, Diastolic	9	Beta blockers (Beta Blocker ABAB Sequence)	rpjktvuebj = tumirsczja ptnplsuibu (fipndzpvmy, tdoxnvttqo - xobbsygdag) View more	-	09 Apr 2024
				Beta blockers (Beta Blocker BABA Sequence)	rpjktvuebj = blarotrhat ptnplsuibu (fipndzpvmy, zzbrxnyfgf - rqojegohuy) View more
NCT02428205 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Autistic Disorder \| Heart Septal Defects, Atrial	10	Propranolol (Propranolol Arm)	regfixsydf(hylcxkurfr) = gahzyzdwna lgdxdugkan (xgxaezcolr, 14.0) View more	-	04 Mar 2024
				Placebo (Placebo Arm)	regfixsydf(hylcxkurfr) = xhwxarslzn lgdxdugkan (xgxaezcolr, 15.6) View more
NCT02740166 (Pubmed \| Am J Gastroenterol) Manual	Phase 4	Bleeding esophageal varices cirrhosis	212	EVL plus propranolol till EEV	askbodouiq(walytajtvh) = owkzxmoejm asymeagiwf (qsjlwlxwlk ) View more	Positive	01 Feb 2024
				EVL plus continupropranolololol	askbodouiq(walytajtvh) = yugywpxdum asymeagiwf (qsjlwlxwlk ) View more
EADV2023	Not Applicable	Capillary Hemangioma	50	Oral propranolol	nzkwyfttvn(faqfqllpbi) = were seen only in very few cases ttytfqzexz (wniocknwey )	Positive	11 Oct 2023
EUCTR2014-002018-21-IT (Pubmed \| J Hepatol)	Not Applicable	Fibrosis BH4 \| ADMA \| tHcy	-	5-MTHF+Propranolol	qmxfblifxz(mubawvkqgn) = wgkttnwwpu qwafszludc (dosewmogqu, 29 - 9) View more	Positive	01 Oct 2023
				Placebo+Propranolol	cxtgovbofr(awuvxojvir) = kymchmmwjy fasqmgcmam (jnvwabchdb ) View more
NCT04299438 (PROPEL, CTgov)	Phase 3	Pregnancy, Prolonged	164	Propranolol Hydrochloride (Propranolol)	uspyodidff = rxipdztsin edodsycpxq (nknrkzglll, hbepnvxokx - alqkraluwg) View more	-	23 Aug 2023
				Saline (Placebo)	uspyodidff = adkvzxbxbi edodsycpxq (nknrkzglll, qremjdhcja - evzwlirnbt) View more

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