This study will determine if ingestion of 3 g/d betaine versus placebo for two weeks prior to a 60-km cycling time trial will improve performance, moderate exercise-induced gut permeability, and improve metabolic recovery.

Start Date13 Aug 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Appalachian State University

[+1]

RBR-2bd7gnb

/ Not yet recruitingNot ApplicableIIT

Chronic effects of Betaine supplementation on Lipid and Glycemic profile, Anthropometric and Cardiovascular parame-ters, and on Physical Exercise practice in adults engaged in Weightlifting: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-contro-lled study -

Start Date10 Jun 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Betaine

100 Translational Medicine associated with Betaine

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Betaine

15,201

Literatures (Medical) associated with Betaine

01 Dec 2025·Molecular Biology Reports

Growth, physiological and molecular response of calcium and salicylic acid primed wheat under lead stress

Article

Author: Aseel, Dalia G ; Abo-Kassem, Essam-Eldeen M ; Saad-Allah, Khalil M ; Hafez, Elsayed E ; Sobhy, Sherien E ; Sewelam, Nasser A ; Saleh, Ahmed A

BACKGROUNDHeavy metal contamination, particularly from lead (Pb), poses a significant threat to plant agriculture worldwide, adversely affecting growth, physiological functions, and yield. Signalling molecules such as calcium and salicylic acid are known to mitigate various stresses in plants, prompting this study to explore their interaction with Pb stress in wheat.METHODSA pot experiment was conducted in which wheat grains were primed with either distilled water, 5 mM calcium (Ca), or 0.05 mM salicylic acid (SA) for 12 h. Following germination, seedlings were exposed to 100 mM Pb six days later, while the control group received water irrigation. Growth parameters, physiological changes, molecular responses, and yield characteristics were assessed to understand the impact of the treatments.RESULTSThe application of Ca and SA acid significantly ameliorated Pb-induced reductions in growth parameters, yield criteria, and phenolic content. These treatments also reduced oxidative stress by restoring osmoprotectants, Pb ion content, and antioxidant enzyme activities to normal levels. Additionally, they downregulated genes that were overexpressed in Pb-stressed wheat.CONCLUSIONSCa and SA treatments effectively mitigate lead toxicity in wheat by protecting growth, enhancing physiological resilience, and maintaining productivity. These findings suggest that leveraging chemical stimulants such as calcium and salicylic acid constitutes a viable strategy for reducing the detrimental impacts of heavy metal stress on crop yields.

01 Aug 2025·Talanta

Intelligent characterization multi-components in Yangxinshi tablet by online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with deep learning-assisted mass defect filtering classification and multidimensional data annotation strategy

Article

Author: Du, Kunze ; Li, Jin ; Chen, Shujing ; Chang, Yanxu ; Zhang, Lili ; Wei, Wei ; Wen, Jiake ; Wang, Xiaoyan ; Xu, Jixiang

A comprehensive characterization strategy for the intelligent analysis of multiple chemical components in Yangxinshi Tablet (YXST) was established. The strategy developed the deep learning-assisted mass defect filtering intelligent classification, preferred ions capture list and active exclusion (DLA-MDF-PIL-AE) data acquisition mode by online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2DLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Firstly, the online 2DLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS system was constructed and the orthogonality was evaluated. Secondly, the user interface for deep learning-assisted MDF intelligent classification technology was developed and applied to compounds classification to generate preferred ion capture lists of various types compounds. Finally, molecular networking (MN), associated neutral loss (NL) fragments, and characteristic diagnosis ion (CDI) were utilized for the automatic and manual annotation of compounds, respectively. As a result, a total of 228 compounds including 80 flavanoids, 52 alkaloids, 36 phenolic acids, 15 terpenoids, 17 saponins and 28 others were preliminary identified from YXST and source attribution was assigned to them. Furthermore, 39 compounds were simultaneously quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Conclusively, the proposed integrated strategy proved to be a powerful method for characterizing multiple components in complex natural products.

01 Aug 2025·Food Chemistry

Investigation into the effects of acute heat stress on stress level, meat quality, myofibrillar proteins properties and serum metabolites release of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)

Article

Author: Huang, Ming ; Li, Zimu ; Huang, Jichao ; Zhu, Zongshuai ; Huang, Tianran ; Xiao, Mengchao

This study systematically investigated the effects of acute heat stress (AHS) on Muscovy ducks, focusing on plasma stress indicators, meat quality, myofibrillar proteins (MPs) properties, and serum metabolite profiles. AHS significantly elevated stress level, impairing meat quality, as evidenced by higher L* value, shear force, drip loss, and cooking loss (P < 0.05). It also induced MPs oxidation and aggregation, reflected by elevated carbonyl content, turbidity, zeta potential, and particle size. MPs structural alterations were confirmed by fluorescence quenching and increased exposure of hydrophobic groups. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between physicochemical changes and MPs oxidation. Metabolomic analysis identified 161 and 105 differential metabolites in the CON vs. LS and CON vs. SS comparisons, respectively, involving 25 metabolic pathways related to energy, amino acids, and fatty acids. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathways of AHS-induced meat quality deterioration and reveal potential intervention timing for the poultry industry.

News (Medical) associated with Betaine

28 Apr 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution)

- NDA submitted for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus -- Expected 10-month review; commercial preparations underway for a potential Q1 2026 launch – DEER PARK, Ill., April 28, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ET-600, Eton’s proprietary, patented oral solution of desmopressin under development for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. The Company expects the application to be assigned a 10-month FDA review, allowing for potential approval and launch in the first quarter of 2026. “The NDA submission for ET-600 is another important milestone for Eton, and for the thousands of children impacted by diabetes insipidus. If approved, ET-600 will be the only FDA-approved oral liquid formulation of desmopressin, providing the small, precise, and titratable doses required to treat pediatric patients,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. “Leading pediatric endocrinologists have long expressed a need for this product, and we’re pleased to be one step closer to bringing it to patients. Pre-launch commercial activities are already underway as we plan for a potential approval in the first quarter of 2026.” Eton has been issued a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on ET-600, which expires in 2044 and has additional patent applications under review. In a bioequivalence study conducted in 75 human subjects, ET-600 demonstrated pharmacokinetic equivalence to the FDA-approved reference product of the same active ingredient. The company estimates that central diabetes insipidus impacts approximately 3,000 pediatric patients in the United States. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations:Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc.T: 212-452-2793E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

NDA

28 Apr 2025

·ir.etonpharma.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution) | Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

News Release Details « Back to news Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution) - NDA submitted for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus - - Expected 10-month review; commercial preparations underway for a potential Q1 2026 launch – DEER PARK, Ill., April 28, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ET-600, Eton’s proprietary, patented oral solution of desmopressin under development for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. The Company expects the application to be assigned a 10-month FDA review, allowing for potential approval and launch in the first quarter of 2026. “The NDA submission for ET-600 is another important milestone for Eton, and for the thousands of children impacted by diabetes insipidus. If approved, ET-600 will be the only FDA-approved oral liquid formulation of desmopressin, providing the small, precise, and titratable doses required to treat pediatric patients,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. “Leading pediatric endocrinologists have long expressed a need for this product, and we’re pleased to be one step closer to bringing it to patients. Pre-launch commercial activities are already underway as we plan for a potential approval in the first quarter of 2026.” Eton has been issued a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on ET-600, which expires in 2044 and has additional patent applications under review. In a bioequivalence study conducted in 75 human subjects, ET-600 demonstrated pharmacokinetic equivalence to the FDA-approved reference product of the same active ingredient. The company estimates that central diabetes insipidus impacts approximately 3,000 pediatric patients in the United States. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations: Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc. T: 212-452-2793 E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals

NDA

01 Apr 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Out-Licenses International Rights to Increlex®

Esteve Pharmaceuticals, S.A. will commercialize Increlex in all markets outside the U.S.DEER PARK, Ill., April 01, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the out-licensing of commercial rights to Increlex® in territories outside of the U.S. to Esteve Pharmaceuticals, S.A. (“Esteve”). “Esteve shares Eton’s dedication to putting patients first and we’re excited to partner with them to distribute this important treatment outside of the U.S. Esteve has the global infrastructure and established presence necessary to successfully commercialize Increlex in countries outside the U.S. This transaction will allow Eton to focus its efforts on the Company’s compelling growth opportunities within the U.S., including its three rare disease product launches planned for 2025, and eliminates the need for significant infrastructure investments that would have been required to commercialize Increlex outside the U.S.,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. Esteve will license the ex-U.S. rights for up to ten years and will also be receiving an option to acquire the international rights in the future. Eton will supply product to Esteve at a fixed transfer price, and the transaction does not impact the Company’s expectation to exit 2025 at an approximately $80 million annual revenue run rate. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations:Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc.T: 212-452-2793E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

License out/in

100 Deals associated with Betaine

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
-	Betaine	A16AA06	DB06756

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Homocystinuria	Australia	Recordati SpA	01 Oct 1996

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1	Phase 2	United States	National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases	01 Feb 2007
Angelman Syndrome	Preclinical	United States	Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego	01 Dec 2011
Angelman Syndrome	Preclinical	United States	University of California	01 Dec 2011
Angelman Syndrome	Preclinical	United States	National Institutes of Health	01 Dec 2011
Refsum Disease, Infantile	Preclinical	Canada	Recordati SpA	-
Zellweger Syndrome	Preclinical	Canada	Recordati SpA	-

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


EASD2022	Not Applicable	-	-	Betaine	rxxxusswdq(kzpaihhqja) = phquintzki zvcukwybzp (fcbnfpzeqo ) View more	-	22 Sep 2022
				Control (BSA or palmitate)	rxxxusswdq(kzpaihhqja) = gtgouxzdvl zvcukwybzp (fcbnfpzeqo ) View more
DDW2022	Not Applicable	Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis	-	BETAINE (Normal Chow Diet (NCD))	cedulajqgp(uikekasbzf) = dtaltckblj viztombjay (yacllsoiwc )	-	23 May 2022
NCT01950039 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Obesity	28	Betaine (Betaine)	(ddnpmjimbo) = eekouerchz mvilvdqmqm (mdbhpbtlft, bhscyrubcw - wpnpcbngbf) View more	-	20 Apr 2021
				Placebo (Placebo)	(ddnpmjimbo) = jalaehorwz mvilvdqmqm (mdbhpbtlft, qlntiuuqwp - nnjrchnmaz) View more
NCT01838941 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders	12	Betaine	bpudwcmrtb(sacrbfgvkw) = onfgbwxjzw ekyobrspbn (caliajlxlj, agzcrezfbf - bpvyirjnqh) View more	-	28 Jun 2016
NCT01749982 (CABS, CTgov)	Phase 4	-	60	Placebo (Placebo)	baynfqavcd(ywznqevkll) = uyshojntcl jpjsgsfmrs (utfcsvvkjp, fspljqxxld - kgqfoyfnat) View more	-	28 Aug 2014
				Choline bitartrate (Choline Bitartrate)	baynfqavcd(ywznqevkll) = qoaiwgkxwh jpjsgsfmrs (utfcsvvkjp, xvnwuekbzi - onsjxsukuv) View more
NCT00283387 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1	15	Placebo+Betaine (Betaine)	cidnahbicf(erzvqionos) = faxyaaboqk hefwafphqt (dkwweiijvu, tvdytgnnbj - oewspkhptw) View more	-	01 Jan 2013
				Placebo+Betaine (Placebo)	cidnahbicf(erzvqionos) = vhqwskxumm hefwafphqt (dkwweiijvu, zlhedbomsh - vgaohtpoys) View more
NCT00348933 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Angelman Syndrome	90	Metafolin+B12+Creatine+Betaine (Treatment (Metafolin/Creatine/Betaine/B12))	kpbexxtmcd(vceiiuubvj) = ypwctedjkz pnzyyouogi (iuamovqzrz, zzbntwilmk - tohxhevrmo) View more	-	24 Sep 2012
				Metafolin (Treatment (Metafolin/Creatine/Betain/B12))	lheeyftivy(vkaqxxslzd) = ihxtvlkrgz trvihvopnl (scbwolzpuk, vgcyjuomne - ltgrcuaskp) View more
ASN2011	Not Applicable	Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 AGXT genotypes \| I244T mutation	15	Betaine 10 gm	jcnczmajyt(ngiuirvglx) = cuijuqlekd avlpjohumo (nslcsgdcgv, 0.97)	Negative	08 Nov 2011
				Placebo	jcnczmajyt(ngiuirvglx) = hstkdxqtkx avlpjohumo (nslcsgdcgv, 0.71)

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