Delving into the Latest Updates on Pentamidine Isethionate with Synapse

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane, 4,4'-(1,5-pentanediylbis(oxy))bis-benzenecarboximidamide, 4,4'-(pentamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine

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Target-

Action-

Mechanism-

Therapeutic Areas

Infectious DiseasesRespiratory DiseasesOther Diseases

Active Indication

Pneumonia, Pneumocystis

Inactive Indication

Advanced Pancreatic AdenocarcinomaHepatocellular CarcinomaMetastatic colon cancer+ [2]

Originator Organization

Fresenius Kabi AG

Active Organization

Sanofi KK

Fresenius Kabi USA LLC

Inactive Organization

Verlyx Pharma, Inc.

License Organization-

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

United States (16 Oct 1984),

Pneumonia, Pneumocystis

RegulationOrphan Drug (United States)

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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC23H36N4O10S2

InChIKeyYBVNFKZSMZGRAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Registry140-64-7

Primary Objective:
To evaluate dose limiting toxicity and to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of pentamidine in combination with salvage chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) on a 3-weeks schedule in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).
Secondary Objective:
To estimate the overall best treatment response at 5- and 16-weeks from study enrollment. Although the clinical benefit of these drugs in combination has not been established, offering this treatment may provide a therapeutic benefit. The patients will be carefully monitored for tumor response and symptom relief, in addition to safety and tolerability.
To estimate the duration of response to the proposed combined therapy.
To measure the protein of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) level of expression in patients at time of relapse.
To measure circulating biomarkers of response (soluble CD30 (sCD30), and thymus and activation-related chemokine (TARC)) in serum samples collected throughout treatment and inhibition of (pSTAT, pAKT) in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC).
Exploratory Objective:
To measure cell-free messenger RNA (cfmRNA) in peripheral blood.
To measure cell-free DNA in peripheral blood

Start Date19 Dec 2018

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of Kentucky

NCT03403621

/ TerminatedPhase 1/2IIT

Double Blind, Single-Center, Randomized, Within Subject Placebo, Phase I Study Evaluating the Effects of Novel Topical Gel in Prevention of Hypertrophic Scar Formation

Researchers are trying to find out more about the side effects of topical (applied to the skin) Pentamidine, to determine if it is safe for use in people. They also want to find out if topical use of Pentamidine can help treat hypertrophic scars.
Pentamidine is a medicine that is currently used to treat certain kinds of infection. It is most often given by intravenous (into a vein) or inhalation (through a breathing device). This medication is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in these forms.
Everyone in this study will receive topical Pentamidine (TP) in a silicone based gel (PCCA Pracasil Plus). Topical treatment of Pentamidine is still experimental and has not been formally tested for safety or effectiveness in a randomized control trial within the United States. The FDA has allowed the use of topical Pentamidine in this research study.

Start Date05 Mar 2018

Sponsor / Collaborator

Mayo Clinic

NCT03201159

/ WithdrawnPhase 1IIT

A Pilot, Exploratory Dose Escalating Study on the Safety, Pharmacodynamics and Preliminary Efficacy of VLX103 in the Treatment of Moderate Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

The study drug (VLX103) is being developed for the treatment of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and other liver diseases. Alcoholic Steatohepatitis is an inflammatory (associated with irritation, swelling and cell damage) disease that affects the liver. It is associated with heavy and chronic intake of alcohol and presence of fat in the liver. Signs and symptoms often include fever, yellowing of the skin, nausea and impairment of liver function.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetics (how the drug is handled by the human body, like absorption and elimination) of increasing doses of VLX103 in subjects with moderate Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. In other words, we will evaluate how your body tolerates VLX103 at a specific dose and the effects that this VLX103 dose has on your liver and your body in general. The secondary objectives of this study are to evaluate if VLX103 has the potential to treat Alcoholic Steatohepatitis patients, to determine the maximum dose that can be tolerated, and to measure the levels of VLX103 in your blood at different time points during the study.
VLX103 is an experimental drug. Experimental means that the drug has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. The active ingredient in VLX103, pentamidine, is approved for treating parasitic (microorganisms) infections. Pentamidine is currently approved and marketed in about 20 countries, including the United States, for use by injection (administered by a syringe) and by inhalation (administered by a nebulizer) for other health conditions. However, VLX103 is the first oral form of pentamidine being developed, and is administered by mouth as an oral tablet.

Start Date25 Jun 2017

Sponsor / Collaborator

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism

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100 Clinical Results associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

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3,628

Literatures (Medical) associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

01 Jun 2025·NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Vortioxetine attenuates rotenone-induced enteric neuroinflammation via modulation of the TLR2/S100B/RAGE signaling pathway in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Article

Author: Özbey, Gül ; Yıldırım, Sendegül ; Maytalman, Erkan ; Samur, Dilara Nemutlu ; Tanrıöver, Gamze ; Kalay, Merzuka

Emerging evidence suggests that gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric nervous system pathology play a critical role in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Considering the bidirectional relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and mood disorders, this study aimed to elucidate the effects and possible mechanisms of action of vortioxetine, a serotonergic antidepressant, on the pathophysiological changes induced by rotenone in the enteroglial cells. α-synuclein, phosphorylated α-synuclein, TLR2, S100B and RAGE expression were detected in duodenal tissues of rats administered rotenone (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and/or vortioxetine (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 28 days. For the mechanism of action studies, rat-derived enteroglial cells were treated with rotenone (10 μM) and/or vortioxetine (5 μM or 1 μM) for 24 h. The effects of vortioxetine were evaluated in the presence of the TLR2 antagonist C29, RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 and the S100B inhibitor pentamidine. TLR2, S100B, RAGE, and NFκB mRNA levels and proinflammatory cytokines via RT-qPCR and ELISA. Our results demonstrate that rotenone treatment significantly increased α-synuclein, pS129-α-synuclein, TLR2, and S100B expression while reducing RAGE levels, indicating marked enteric pathology. Vortioxetine administration attenuated these effects, reducing α-synuclein accumulation and proinflammatory markers. In vitro, rotenone impaired glial responses, decreasing S100B, RAGE, and NFκB markers, while vortioxetine improved these responses, promoting resynthesis of inflammatory molecules. Notably, S100B, NFκB, and cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were affected by C29, FPS-ZM1, and pentamidine pretreatments. Thus, vortioxetine is thought to have beneficial effects on rotenone-induced pathological changes in EGCs, and some of these effects are thought to be mediated by the TLR2/S100B/RAGE pathway.

01 Jun 2025·MYCOPATHOLOGIA

Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Pentamidine and Auranofin Against Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris

Article

Author: Lucini, Fabíola ; Retore, Yasmim Isabel ; Simionatto, Simone ; Rossato, Luana

BACKGROUND:

Candida auris is a significant clinical concern due to its ability to cause outbreaks in healthcare settings and its common resistance to current treatments. This highlights the need for alternative therapies. Drug repurposing offers a promising approach, and the combination of pentamidine (antiprotozoal) and auranofin (anti-rheumatic) has shown potential antifungal activity against Candida species, including C. auris. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of pentamidine and auranofin, both individually and in combination, against C. auris.

METHODS:

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined following CLSI guidelines, and drug interactions were assessed using the checkerboard microdilution method. Additional evaluations included growth inhibition, antibiofilm activity, cell damage, sorbitol protection, and efflux pump inhibition. Nucleotide leakage and cell membrane permeability were analyzed using biochemical assays. In vivo efficacy was tested using a Tenebrio molitor larvae model infected with C. auris.

RESULTS:

The MICs of pentamidine against C. auris ranged from 16 to 128 μg/mL, showing fungicidal activity. The combination with auranofin had a synergistic effect (FICI: 0.37) and exhibited a fungistatic effect in growth inhibition assays. Auranofin was most effective at inhibiting biofilm formation. Pentamidine impaired mitochondrial function, leading to cellular respiration issues and membrane damage. Efflux pump assays indicated activation by both drugs, potentially influencing resistance. In vivo tests showed both drugs significantly improved survival rates in infected larvae compared to fluconazole.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, pentamidine and auranofin, either individually or in combination, are promising treatments for C. auris and warrant further research into optimal dosing and combination strategies.

14 May 2025·mBio

Discovery of novel antifungal drugs via screening repurposing libraries against Coccidioides posadasii spherule initials

Article

Author: Liao, Yu-Rou ; Saeger, Sarah ; Hung, Chiung-Yu ; Campuzano, Althea ; Lopez-Ribot, Jose ; Yu, Jieh-Juen ; West-Jeppson, Kathryn

ABSTRACT:

Coccidioidomycosis or valley fever is a treatment-limited fungal infection endemic to the alkaline deserts of North and South America for which two classes of antifungals are typically used: the polyenes and the triazoles. In light of the limited usefulness of the echinocandins and a growing trend of azole resistance, it is essential that we identify novel antifungals. In this study, we have developed and optimized a screening methodology for identifying potential antifungals effective against Coccidioides spherule initials using a metabolic assay, used it to screen four diverse drug libraries with limited drug overlap, and established safety and efficacy data for a majority of the compounds, including the Broad Repurposing Hub, Prestwick Chemicals 1520, Selleck L8200 Anti-parasitic, and MedChemExpress CNS Penetrants libraries. Hits were defined as compounds with strong metabolic inhibition (≥70%), which were significantly different compared to the median plate readout (B-scores ≤ −3). We identified 30 promising hits and found 12 compounds exhibiting half-maximal inhibitory concentrations below 6 µM. Among these, oxethazaine, niclosamide ethanolamine, 10058-F4, niclosamide (NIC), and pentamidine isethionate showed synergy with amphotericin B, suggesting their potential use in combination therapy. Further assessment of lead compounds’ effects on spherules was conducted by image flow cytometry. Additionally, we explored the potential to use an attenuated, Biosafety Level 2 containment mutant, C. posadasii ∆ cts2 /∆ ard1 /∆ cts3 (∆T), as a surrogate model for drug screening. Overall, our findings provide a foundation for future research focused on screening and developing novel coccidioidomycosis treatments.

IMPORTANCE:

The antifungal treatment arsenal is especially limited against Coccidioides . Due to toxicity concerns, amphotericin B is generally reserved for triazole-recalcitrant infections. Recent laboratory susceptibility tests show an increase in fluconazole resistance, highlighting a need for new treatments. We have developed a large-scale metabolic screening assay under Biosafety Level 3 containment to identify existing drugs with novel activity against Coccidioides spherules. This drug-repurposing approach represents a convenient and cost-effective strategy to increase the available antifungals effective against these infections.

1

News (Medical) associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

07 Mar 2024

·www.businesswire.com

Montdorex Announces Acceptance of Its Abstract for Presentation at the AACR Annual Meeting 2024

MONTREAL--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Montdorex Inc. (“Montdorex” or “the Company”), a privately-owned precision medicine company, today announced that Terry Chow, Ph.D., Founder and CEO will present insights on the relevance of inhibiting the endo-exonuclease (EE) enzyme in a poster presentation at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting, to be held in San Diego, CA, April 5-10, 2024. The endo-exonuclease enzyme plays a key role in DNA damage repair mechanisms, but it is also overexpressed in cancer tumors. In a proof-of-concept study, Montdorex showed that tumors with increased EE expression showed the best response to pentamidine, an endo-exonuclease inhibitor. The Company has also identified mono- and di-amidine analogs of pentamidine that are more effective than the parent drug in both in vitro and in vivo studies. “Our lead candidate, MTDX203, showed an increased anti-cancer activity with a higher safety index than pentamidine in preclinical animal studies,” said Terry Chow of Montdorex. “I look forward to presenting our detailed findings to the AACR scientific and investor community at the upcoming annual meeting.” Details of the AACR poster presentation are as follows: Poster Presentation (#5604): Modulating DNA repair through endo-exonuclease inhibition: a new therapeutic paradigm in Oncology [ link to the abstract ] Session Category: Molecular/Cellular Biology and Genetics Session Title: DNA Damage and Repair 2 Session Date and Time: Tuesday, April 9, 2024 1:30 PM – 5:00 PM (PT) Location: Poster Section 14, Poster Board Number 2 About Montdorex Based in Montreal, Canada, Montdorex Inc. is a privately-owned, early-stage precision medicine company, targeting the endo-exonuclease (EE) enzyme involved in cancer tumor growth and inflammatory processes. The company is developing proprietary mono-amidine and di-amidine EE inhibitors to modulate DNA repair in oncology and non cytotoxic di-amidine analogs for anti-inflammatory applications, such as gastrointestinal conditions and liver diseases. For more information, please visit montdorex.com .

AACRClinical Result

100 Deals associated with Pentamidine Isethionate

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External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00834	Pentamidine Isethionate	P01CX01	DB00738

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis	United States	Fresenius Kabi USA LLC	16 Oct 1984

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
metastatic non-small cell lung cancer	Phase 2	Poland	Verlyx Pharma, Inc.	01 Sep 2012
Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma	Phase 2	Canada	Verlyx Pharma, Inc.	01 Mar 2011
Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma	Phase 2	Canada	Verlyx Pharma, Inc.	01 Jan 2009
Metastatic colon cancer	Phase 2	Canada	Verlyx Pharma, Inc.	01 Mar 2008
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Phase 1	Canada	Verlyx Pharma, Inc.	01 Aug 2014

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Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT03403621 (CTgov)	Phase 1/2	Cicatrix, Hypertrophic	6	Pentamidine Isethionate (Topical Pentamidine Isethionate)	eqmzqdufwl = czpffbgqgk cclthevbcs (ayhdhwlhel, roixnxouah - vnmpmwiiaj) View more	-	22 Nov 2023
NCT03403621 (CTgov)	Phase 1/2	Cicatrix, Hypertrophic	6	Placebo (Placebo Control)	eqmzqdufwl = rimblohgep cclthevbcs (ayhdhwlhel, czstlsckmx - qwvqpqqalg) View more	-	22 Nov 2023
NCT01360762 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome \| Coinfection \| Leishmaniasis, Visceral	74	Pentamidine	oqhidbvizq = alnsgsemyc srworifyse (oirafxexej, nimnefafkp - qamklvhuax) View more	-	15 Feb 2019
NCT02669706 (Pubmed \| Bone Marrow Transplant)	Not Applicable	Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	50	Intravenous pentamidine	uhtuoovlnb(bszvnwguut) = xzqbteqevp ixaeesiyyu (kkiuxwgbki )	-	01 Mar 2018
NCT01360762 (Pubmed \| Clin Infect Dis)	Phase 3	HIV Infections \| Leishmaniasis, Visceral	74	Pentamidine secondary prophylaxis	cgufeizdff(ufkcsvydon) = artcleislf xxdxkwzank (ockftasmun ) View more	-	18 Jan 2018
Tandem Meetings ASTCT and CIBMTR2017	Not Applicable	Hematologic Neoplasms \| Pneumonia, Pneumocystis	-	IV Pentamidine	uykritdxdg(xsvazfdqvk) = repetjtiut thogdlvzdc (wttzgwmkfm ) View more	-	01 Mar 2017
NCT00729807 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Refractory Melanoma \| Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant	6	pentamidine	yzkhvbfecm = pddcmvoxxq gtqlontvcd (amdszqrlgn, nzsheglcfi - zaoszannsj) View more	-	21 Oct 2016
Tandem Meetings ASTCT and CIBMTR2016	Not Applicable	Pneumonia, Pneumocystis \| Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	58	Intravenous Pentamidine	pdxagzxhek(xoyqksyolb) = dyvvfkcotj iydypiaqvp (expgdfrfrh )	Positive	01 Mar 2016
ARVO2013	Not Applicable	Acanthamoeba Keratitis	24	Pentamidine isethionate	dahcqxrxxl(fpffsoqsaq) = klsyotrnst ohfrsjtbsm (mxjyckivqz, 21.7) View more	-	01 Jun 2013
NCT00014911 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1	36	Islet Transplantation+Ganciclovir+Sulfamethoxazole+Tacrolimus+Sirolimus+Daclizumab+Pentamidine+Trimethoprim	wpxxwzoosr = diqipsjele uswmqjezvu (lpobeijhkk, hhhpainicw - dydsezedqd) View more	-	17 Oct 2012
NCT00078559 (CTgov)	Phase 1/2	Kidney Diseases \| Renal transplant rejection	10	Kidney transplant+Acyclovir+Acetaminophen+Bactrim+Nystatin+Sirolimus+Clotrimazole+Trimethoprim+Diphenhydramine+TMP+Alemtuzumab+Valgancyclovir+Sulfa+Methylprednisolone+Tacrolimus+Pentamidine	wkwjrdutwc = thumsgvsoe bzzlrnzwui (xwnhntozog, rjdqkhjvoa - mzdsszcrdd) View more	-	09 Jul 2012