Divalproex sodium

First presentation of top-line efficacy and safety results from the Phase 4 DUET (Develop hypersomnia Understanding by Evaluating low-sodium oxybate Treatment) trial of adults with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia For U.S. media and investors only DUBLIN, Oct. 31, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Nasdaq: JAZZ) today announced that eight abstracts presenting data from across its sleep portfolio were featured at the 37th annual Psych Congress, held in Boston from October 29 through November 2, 2024. The data includes the top-line results of the Phase 4 DUET (Develop hypersomnia Understanding by Evaluating low-sodium oxybate Treatment) trial, evaluating the effectiveness of low-sodium oxybate on key sleep outcomes in adults with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). Notably, these DUET data are the first to show prospective improvements on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), as well as key polysomnography (PSG) outcomes of sleep disruption, among adults with narcolepsy treated with Xywav® (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) oral solution. Further, new DUET data evaluating nighttime Xywav treatment in adults with IH demonstrate clinical improvements on daytime symptoms, including sleep inertia measured by the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIc). The DUET trial is a Phase 4, prospective, single-arm, open-label study to assess the effect of Xywav treatment on EDS, polysomnography parameters, and functional outcomes in adults with narcolepsy or IH. Observed adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of Xywav, with the most common including nausea, dizziness and headache. "The new DUET data presented today demonstrate the impact of low-sodium Xywav treatment on key narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia symptoms," said Logan Schneider, MD, adjunct clinical associate professor of sleep medicine, Stanford Sleep Center and Consultant Neurologist, Stanford/VA Alzheimer's Center. "These data build on our confidence that appropriate treatment can meaningfully impact the outcomes that matter to patients and their functioning." Presentation highlights include: Xywav DUET Narcolepsy Top-line Results (P166): Novel analysis of primary and key secondary outcomes in participants with narcolepsy show improvements in daytime and nighttime symptoms with Xywav treatment compared to baseline across daytime sleepiness and PSG-based measures of sleep disruption, including sleep stage shifts from deeper to lighter stages of sleep, time spent in deep sleep, and number of awakenings. Specifically, the statistically significant change (least square mean, standard error) from baseline on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was −7.7 (0.9), P<0.0001, while changes for total shifts from deeper to lighter stages of sleep, N3 sleep (deep sleep) duration in minutes, and number of awakenings were −13.1 (3.0), P<0.0001; 45.0 (8.8), P<0.0001; and −3.2 (0.9), P=0.0015, respectively (N=34 each). Xywav DUET IH Top-line Results (P165): First presentation of primary and key secondary outcomes in participants with IH show Xywav treatment resulted in improvements in EDS, measured by ESS and Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale (IHSS). Additionally, improvements were observed across PGIc measures of overall symptoms, with new data on sleep inertia measured within the PGIc. Statistically significant changes (least square mean, standard error) in ESS (N=40) and IHSS (N=36) from baseline to end of treatment were −8.4 (0.7), P<0.0001 and −15.5 (1.5), P<0.0001, respectively. Most participants reported improvement (very much, much, minimally) on the PGIc overall (94.6%; N=37) and PGIc sleep inertia inventory (81.1%; N=37). "These DUET data are the first to show Xywav's impact on polysomnography measures of nighttime awakenings, sleep stage shifts, and deep sleep for people living with narcolepsy, as well as improvements among adults with IH in key outcomes important for daily life," said Kelvin Tan, MBBCh, MRCPCH, chief medical affairs officer of Jazz Pharmaceuticals. "Jazz is committed to our leadership in sleep, as exemplified by our presentations at Psych Congress of the DUET trial data, which studied the effectiveness of low-sodium Xywav on symptoms of narcolepsy and IH by demonstrating improvements in measures which are key for patients to wake up more refreshed with improved wakefulness during the day." The Psych Congress 2024 presentations are available on-demand through the conference mobile application. Abstracts and posters will also be published on HMP Global's Psychiatry & Behavioral Health Learning Network 30-60 days after the event ends. A full list of Jazz presentations follows below: About Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a chronic, debilitating neurologic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (the inability to stay awake and alert during the day resulting in the irrepressible need to sleep or unplanned lapses into sleep or drowsiness), or EDS, and an inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally.1 Patients with EDS due to narcolepsy experience sleep attacks and, despite fighting the urge to sleep, may unintentionally fall asleep for short periods.2,3 These sleep attacks may happen at inappropriate or potentially dangerous times such as during driving, cycling, eating, or mid-conversation.4 There is no cure for narcolepsy, therefore this EDS is lifelong and has a substantial negative impact on a person's ability to function psychologically, socially and professionally.5 Patients with narcolepsy are at increased risk for hypertension, cardiometabolic morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and death.6,7,8,9 As narcolepsy is a chronic condition that requires lifelong, nightly treatment, early access to an effective, low-sodium treatment can transform lives and reduce the impact of narcolepsy on a person's physical and mental health.5 About Idiopathic Hypersomnia Idiopathic hypersomnia is an often debilitating, neurologic sleep disorder that goes beyond chronic excessive daytime sleepiness.10,11,12,13 Idiopathic hypersomnia is a 24-hour sleep disorder, and symptoms may include a prolonged but non-restorative main (nighttime) sleep episode of more than 9 hours, or a sleep duration of 11 hours or longer over a 24-hour period; cognitive impairment; long and unrefreshing naps; brain fog, or the inability to focus for long periods of time; and severe sleep inertia (prolonged difficulty waking, with frequent reentries into sleep, confusion, and irritability).10,11,12,13,14 Although there are overlapping clinical features with narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia is a condition with its own specific diagnostic criteria.13,15 Idiopathic hypersomnia is an often debilitating illness that can significantly affect social, educational, and occupational functioning.16,17 In the U.S., approximately 37,000 adult patients have been diagnosed with idiopathic hypersomnia and are actively seeking healthcare.18 This low number of people may be due to the many difficulties in identifying and diagnosing idiopathic hypersomnia, as well as distinguishing it from other similar sleep disorders. It is estimated that far fewer patients are currently receiving pharmacological treatment for their idiopathic hypersomnia.18,19,20,21 About Xywav® (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) oral solution Xywav is the only low-sodium oxybate approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. The FDA recognized seven years of Orphan Drug Exclusivity for Xywav for the treatment of cataplexy or EDS in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. The Office of Orphan Product Development (OOPD) at the FDA also published its summary of clinical superiority findings for Xywav for the treatment of cataplexy or EDS in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy by means of greater cardiovascular safety compared to Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution. The decision of the OOPD is based on the FDA findings that Xywav provides a greatly reduced chronic sodium burden compared to Xyrem. Xywav has 131 mg of sodium at the maximum recommended nightly dose whereas other high sodium oxybates have 1640 mg at the equivalent dose. Xywav is comprised of a unique composition of cations resulting in 92% less sodium, or a reduction of approximately 1,000 to 1,500 mg/night at the recommended dose range of 6 g to 9 g/night. Xywav is the only oxybate therapy that does not carry a warning in the label related to use in patients sensitive to high sodium intake. Xywav is also the first and only U.S. FDA-approved treatment option for idiopathic hypersomnia in adults. The FDA recognized seven years of Orphan Drug Exclusivity for Xywav for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia in adults. Xywav is the only FDA-approved treatment studied across the multiple symptoms of idiopathic hypersomnia, such as EDS, sleep inertia (severe grogginess or confusion when waking up), long sleep duration and cognitive impairment. Xywav can be administered as a twice- or once-nightly regimen for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia in adults. The exact mechanism of action of Xywav in the treatment of adults with idiopathic hypersomnia and of cataplexy and EDS in narcolepsy is unknown. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic effects of Xywav are mediated through GABAB actions during sleep at noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as thalamocortical neurons.1 The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) has designated Xywav as a Schedule III medicine. The DEA defines Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.1,2 Because of the risks of central nervous system (CNS) depression and abuse and misuse, Xywav is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the XYWAV and XYREM REMS. Important Safety Information for Xywav Contraindications XYWAV is contraindicated in combination with sedative hypnotics or alcohol and in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Warnings and Precautions Central Nervous System Depression The concurrent use of XYWAV with other CNS depressants, including but not limited to opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, sedating antidepressants or antipsychotics, sedating anti-epileptic drugs, general anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and/or illicit CNS depressants, may increase the risk of respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. If use of these CNS depressants in combination with XYWAV is required, dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including XYWAV) should be considered. In addition, if short-term use of an opioid (eg, post- or perioperative) is required, interruption of treatment with XYWAV should be considered. After first initiating treatment and until certain that XYWAV does not affect them adversely (eg, impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills), caution patients against hazardous activities requiring complete mental alertness or motor coordination such as operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles or airplanes. Also caution patients against these hazardous activities for at least 6 hours after taking XYWAV. Patients should be queried about CNS depression-related events upon initiation of XYWAV therapy and periodically thereafter. Abuse and Misuse XYWAV is a Schedule Ill controlled substance. The active moiety of XYWAV is oxybate, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a Schedule I controlled substance. Abuse of illicit GHB, either alone or in combination with other CNS depressants, is associated with CNS adverse reactions, including seizure, respiratory depression, decreases in the level of consciousness, coma, and death. The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of GHB particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (eg, assault victim). Physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely. XYWAV and XYREM REMS Because of the risks of central nervous system depression and abuse and misuse, XYWAV is available only through a restricted distribution program called the XYWAV and XYREM REMS. Notable requirements of the XYWAV and XYREM REMS include the following: Healthcare Providers who prescribe XYWAV are specially certified XYWAV will be dispensed only by the central pharmacy that is specially certified XYWAV will be dispensed and shipped only to patients who are enrolled in the XYWAV and XYREM REMS with documentation of safe use Further information is available at or 1-866-997-3688. Respiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing XYWAV may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function. In overdoses of oxybate and with illicit use of GHB, life-threatening respiratory depression has been reported. Increased apnea and reduced oxygenation may occur with XYWAV administration in adult and pediatric patients. A significant increase in the number of central apneas and clinically significant oxygen desaturation may occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with XYWAV. Prescribers should be aware that sleep-related breathing disorders tend to be more prevalent in obese patients, in men, in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, and among patients with narcolepsy. Depression and Suicidality In Study 1, the randomized-withdrawal clinical trial in adult patients with narcolepsy (n=201), depression and depressed mood were reported in 3% and 4%, respectively, of patients treated with XYWAV. Two patients (1%) discontinued XYWAV because of depression. In most cases, no change in XYWAV treatment was required. In Study 2, the randomized-withdrawal clinical trial in adult patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (n=154), depression and depressed mood were reported in 1% and 3%, respectively, of patients treated with XYWAV. All patients continued XYWAV treatment. Two suicides and two attempted suicides occurred in adult clinical trials with oxybate (same active moiety as XYWAV). One patient experienced suicidal ideation and two patients reported depression in a pediatric clinical trial with oxybate. These events occurred in patients with and without previous histories of depressive disorders. The emergence of depression in patients treated with XYWAV requires careful and immediate evaluation. Monitor patients for the emergence of increased depressive symptoms and/or suicidality while taking XYWAV. Other Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions In Study 1, confusion and anxiety occurred in 1% and 5% of patients with narcolepsy treated with XYWAV, respectively. One patient experienced visual hallucinations and confusion after ingesting approximately 9 grams of XYWAV. In Study 2, confusion and anxiety occurred in 3% and 16% of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, respectively. One patient experienced visual hallucinations, which led to discontinuation of XYWAV. Other neuropsychiatric reactions reported with oxybate (same active moiety as XYWAV) in adult or pediatric clinical trials and in the postmarketing setting include hallucinations, paranoia, psychosis, aggression, agitation, confusion and anxiety. The emergence or increase in the occurrence of behavioral or psychiatric events in patients taking XYWAV should be carefully monitored. Parasomnias Parasomnias can occur in patients taking XYWAV. In Study 1 and Study 2, parasomnias, including sleepwalking, were reported in 6% and 5% of adult patients treated with XYWAV, respectively. In a clinical trial of XYREM (same active moiety as XYWAV) in adult patients with narcolepsy, five instances of sleepwalking with potential injury or significant injury were reported. Parasomnias, including sleepwalking, have been reported in a pediatric clinical trial with sodium oxybate (same active moiety as XYWAV) and in postmarketing experience with sodium oxybate. Episodes of sleepwalking should be fully evaluated and appropriate interventions considered. Most Common Adverse Reactions The most common adverse reactions (occurring in ≥5% of XYWAV-treated patients in adult clinical trials in either narcolepsy or IH) were nausea, headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, decreased appetite, hyperhidrosis, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, parasomnia, somnolence, fatigue, and tremor. In the pediatric clinical trial with XYREM (same active moiety as XYWAV) that included pediatric patients 7 to 17 years of age with narcolepsy, the most common adverse reactions (≥5%) were nausea (20%), enuresis (19%), vomiting (18%), headache (17%), weight decreased (13%), decreased appetite (9%), dizziness (8%), and sleepwalking (6%). The overall adverse reaction profile of XYREM in the pediatric clinical trial was similar to that seen in the adult clinical trial program. The safety profile in pediatric patients with XYWAV is expected to be similar to that of adult patients treated with XYWAV and to that of pediatric patients treated with XYREM. Additional Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions that occurred in 2-<5% of adult patients treated with XYWAV in the Open­ Label Titration and Stable Dose Periods of the randomized-withdrawal study in adult patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (Study 1) were fatigue, dry mouth, depressed mood, enuresis, irritability, paresthesia, depression, tremor, somnolence, and muscle spasms. Adverse reactions occurring in 2-<5% of patients treated with XYWAV in the IH study include balance disorder, muscle spasms, fall, paresthesia, snoring, weight decreased, bruxism, confusional state, depressed mood, feeling drunk, and irritability. Adverse reactions that occurred in ≥2% of patients in clinical studies with oxybate (but not in Study 1) and which may be relevant for XYWAV, were pain, feeling drunk, pain in extremity, cataplexy, disturbance in attention, sleep paralysis, and disorientation. Discontinuation: In Study 1, 9 of 201 patients (4%) reported adverse reactions that led to withdrawal from the study (anxiety, decreased appetite, depressed mood, depression, fatigue, headache, irritability, nausea, pain in extremity, parasomnia, somnolence, and vomiting). The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation was nausea (1.5%). In Study 2, 17 of 154 (11%) patients across all study periods (excluding placebo during the DB RWP) (up to 42 weeks) reported adverse reactions that led to withdrawal from the study (anxiety, nausea, insomnia, vomiting, fatigue, feeling abnormal, fall, decreased appetite, dizziness, paresthesia, tremor, parasomnia, confusional state, hallucination visual, and irritability). The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation was anxiety (3.2%). In Study 1 and Study 2, the majority of adverse reactions leading to discontinuation began during the first few weeks of treatment. In the pediatric clinical trial with XYREM (same active moiety as XYWAV), 7 of 104 patients reported adverse reactions that led to withdrawal from the study (hallucination, tactile; suicidal ideation; weight decreased; sleep apnea syndrome; affect lability; anger, anxiety, depression; and headache). Drug Interactions XYWAV is contraindicated in combination with alcohol or sedative hypnotics. Use of other CNS depressants may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of XYWAV. Concomitant use of sodium oxybate with divalproex sodium results in an increase in systemic exposure to GHB, which was shown to cause a greater impairment on some tests of attention and working memory in a clinical study. A similar increase in exposure is expected with concomitant use of XYWAV and divalproex sodium; therefore, an initial dose reduction of XYWAV is recommended when used concomitantly with divalproex sodium. Prescribers are advised to monitor patient response closely and adjust dose accordingly if concomitant use of XYWAV and divalproex sodium is warranted. Pregnancy and Lactation There are no adequate data on the developmental risk associated with the use of XYWAV or sodium oxybate in pregnant women. XYWAV should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. GHB is excreted in human milk after oral administration of sodium oxybate. There is insufficient information on the risk to a breastfed infant, and there is insufficient information on milk production in nursing mothers. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for XYWAV and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from XYWAV or from the underlying maternal condition. Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of XYWAV for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy have been established. XYWAV has not been studied in a pediatric clinical trial for narcolepsy or IH. Use of XYWAV in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy is supported by evidence from an adequate and well­controlled study of sodium oxybate in pediatric patients 7 to 17 years of age, a study in adults showing a treatment effect of XYWAV similar to that observed with sodium oxybate, pharmacokinetic data of sodium oxybate from adult and pediatric patients, and pharmacokinetic data of XYWAV from healthy adult volunteers. Safety and effectiveness of XYWAV in pediatric patients below the age of 7 years with narcolepsy have not been established. Safety and effectiveness of XYWAV for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia in pediatric patients have not been established. Geriatric Use In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Hepatic Impairment The starting dose of XYWAV should be reduced in patients with liver impairment. Dosage Modification in Patients with Hepatic Impairment: The recommended starting dosage in patients with hepatic impairment is one-half of the original dosage per night, administered orally, divided into two doses. Dependence and Tolerance There have been case reports of withdrawal, ranging from mild to severe, following discontinuation of illicit use of GHB at frequent repeated doses (18 g to 250 g per day) in excess of the recommended dosage range. Signs and symptoms of GHB withdrawal following abrupt discontinuation included insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, psychosis, lethargy, nausea, tremor, sweating, muscle cramps, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, rebound fatigue and sleepiness, confusion, and, particularly in the case of severe withdrawal, visual hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. These symptoms generally abated in 3 to 14 days. In cases of severe withdrawal, hospitalization may be required. In the clinical trial experience with XYREM in narcolepsy/cataplexy patients at recommended doses, two patients reported anxiety and one reported insomnia following abrupt discontinuation at the termination of the clinical trial; in the two patients with anxiety, the frequency of cataplexy had increased markedly at the same time. In the XYWAV clinical trial in adult narcolepsy/cataplexy patients at recommended doses, one patient reported insomnia following abrupt discontinuation of XYWAV. In the XYWAV clinical trial in adult idiopathic hypersomnia patients at recommended doses, six patients reported insomnia, two patients reported early insomnia, and one patient reported visual and auditory hallucinations following abrupt discontinuation of XYWAV. Tolerance to XYWAV has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. There have been some case reports of symptoms of tolerance developing after illicit use at dosages far in excess of the recommended XYWAV dosage regimen. Important Safety Information for Xyrem Contraindications XYREM is contraindicated for use in combination with sedative hypnotics or alcohol and in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Warnings and Precautions CNS Depression: Use caution when considering the concurrent use of Xyrem with other CNS depressants. If concurrent use is required, consider dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including XYREM). Consider interrupting XYREM treatment if short-term opioid use is required. After first initiating treatment and until certain that XYREM does not affect them adversely, caution patients against hazardous activities requiring complete mental alertness or motor coordination such as operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles or airplanes. Also caution patients against these hazardous activities for at least 6 hours after taking XYREM. Patients should be queried about CNS depression-related events upon initiation of XYREM therapy and periodically thereafter. Abuse and Misuse: XYREM is a Schedule III controlled substance. The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of XYREM, particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (eg, assault victim). Respiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: XYREM may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function. In overdoses, life-threatening respiratory depression has been reported. Prescribers should be aware that increased central apneas and clinically relevant desaturation events have been observed with XYREM administration in adult and pediatric patients. Sleep-related breathing disorders tend to be more prevalent in obese patients, in men, in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy and among patients with narcolepsy. Depression and Suicidality: In adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy (n=781), depression was reported by 7% of XYREM-treated patients, with four patients (<1%) discontinuing because of depression. In the pediatric clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy (n=104), one patient experienced suicidal ideation and two patients reported depression while taking XYREM. Monitor patients for emergent or increased depression and/or suicidality, which require careful and immediate evaluation. Other Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions: Monitor patients for impaired motor/cognitive function or the emergence of or increase in anxiety and/or confusion. The emergence or increase in the occurrence of behavioral or psychiatric events in adult and pediatric patients taking XYREM should be carefully monitored. Parasomnias: Episodes of sleepwalking should be fully evaluated and appropriate interventions considered. Five instances of significant injury or potential injury were associated with sleepwalking during a clinical trial of XYREM in adult patients with narcolepsy. Parasomnias, including sleepwalking, also have been reported in the pediatric clinical trial and in postmarketing experience with XYREM. Patients Sensitive to High Sodium Intake: XYREM has a high salt content. In patients sensitive to salt intake (eg, those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment), consider the amount of daily sodium intake in each dose of XYREM. Most Common Adverse Reactions In three controlled adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy, the most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and twice the rate of placebo) in XYREM-treated patients were nausea, dizziness, vomiting, somnolence, enuresis, and tremor. In the pediatric clinical trial in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy, the most common adverse reactions (≥5%) were nausea (20%), enuresis (19%), vomiting (18%), headache (17%), weight decreased (13%), decreased appetite (9%), dizziness (8%) and sleepwalking (6%). About Jazz Pharmaceuticals Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc is a global biopharma company whose purpose is to innovate to transform the lives of patients and their families. We are dedicated to developing potentially life-changing medicines for people with serious diseases — often with limited or no therapeutic options. We have a diverse portfolio of marketed medicines, including leading therapies for sleep disorders and epilepsy, and a growing portfolio of cancer treatments. Our patient-focused and science-driven approach powers pioneering research and development advancements across our robust pipeline of innovative therapeutics in oncology and neuroscience. Jazz is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland with research and development laboratories, manufacturing facilities and employees in multiple countries committed to serving patients worldwide. Please visit for more information. Contacts: Media: Kristin Bhavnani Head of Global Corporate Communications Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 637 2141 U.S. +1 215 867 4948 Investors: Andrea N. Flynn, Ph.D. Vice President, Head, Investor Relations Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc [email protected] Ireland +353 1 634 3211 U.S. +1 650 496 2717 References: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Narcolepsy. . Accessed October 2024. Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Mignot E. Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet. 2007;369(9560):499-511. Colten HR, Altevogt BM, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research, eds. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. Peacock J, Benca RM. Narcolepsy: clinical features, co-morbidities & treatment. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2010;131(2):338-349. National Health Service. Narcolepsy – Overview. 2019. . Accessed October 2024. Ben-Joseph RH, Saad R, Black J, et al. Cardiovascular burden of narcolepsy disease (CV-BOND): a real-world evidence study. Presented at: 2022 AAN Annual Meeting; April 2-7; Seattle, Washington. Poster 1203. Black J, Reaven NL, Funk SE, et al. Medical comorbidity in narcolepsy: findings from the Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (BOND) study. Sleep Med. 2017;33:13-18. Ohayon MM, Black J, Lai C, et al. Increased mortality in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2014;37(3):439-444. Ohayon MM. Narcolepsy is complicated by high medical and psychiatric comorbidities: a comparison with the general population. Sleep Med. 2013;14(6):488-492. Billiard M, Sonka K. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;29:23-33. Trotti LM. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med Clin. 2017;12(3):331-344. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Third Edition (ICSD-3). 2014. Khan Z, Trotti LM. Central disorders of hypersomnolence: focus on the narcolepsies and idiopathic hypersomnia. Chest. 2015 Jul;148(1):262-273. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition (DSM-5). 2020. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Data on file. JZP258-2020-047-29 Oct 2020. Evangelista E, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y. Update on treatment for idiopathic hypersomnia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018;27(2):187-192. Ozaki A, Inoue Y, Hayashida K, et al. Quality of life in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy, narcolepsy without cataplexy, and idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: comparison between patients on psychostimulants, drug-naïve patients and the general Japanese population. Sleep Med. 2012;13(2):200-206. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Data on file. Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, et al. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Sleep. 2007;30(10):1274-1281. Masri TJ, Gonzales CG, Kushida CA. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med Clin. 2012;7(2):283-289. Trotti LM, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia and other hypersomnia syndromes. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(1):20-31. SOURCE Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

RAHWAY, N.J.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Merck (NYSE: MRK), known as MSD outside of the United States and Canada, today announced its plans to present new research findings demonstrating the continued impact of its increasingly broad and diverse vaccines and infectious disease portfolio and the potential of its innovative pipeline at IDWeek 2024 in Los Angeles, CA, from October 16-19. Data to be presented include a late-breaker oral presentation of positive detailed results from the Phase 2b/3 trial evaluating clesrovimab (MK-1654), an investigational prophylactic monoclonal antibody designed to protect infants from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease; data from the Phase 3 STRIDE-8 trial evaluating CAPVAXIVE™ (Pneumococcal 21-valent Conjugate Vaccine) in adults 18-64 years of age at increased risk of pneumococcal disease; as well as a late-breaker oral presentation of Week 48 data from the Phase 2 study evaluating an investigational once-weekly oral combination regimen of islatravir, the company’s nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI), and Gilead’s lenacapavir, a first-in-class capsid inhibitor, for treatment of people with HIV-1 infection. “ The breadth of innovative research we will showcase during IDWeek 2024 is a testament to our ongoing commitment to advancing science with the pursuit of addressing persisting global health needs, such as RSV,” said Dr. Paula Annunziato, senior vice president, infectious diseases and vaccines, Global Clinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories. “ We are proud of our company’s longstanding legacy and continued momentum in helping to treat and prevent a variety of potentially serious infectious diseases for individuals around the world and across all stages of life – from birth through older adulthood – and we look forward to sharing these data.” Key data from Merck’s portfolio and pipeline to be presented during IDWeek 2024: First time data from the Phase 2b/3 study evaluating a single dose of clesrovimab (MK-1654) administered to pre-term and full-term infants (Abstract #166, Late Breaker Oral Abstract Session: Respiratory Viruses Across All Ages); First presentation of results from the interim analysis of the Phase 3 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of clesrovimab versus palivizumab in infants and children at increased risk for severe RSV disease (Abstract #167, Late Breaker Oral Abstract Session: Respiratory Viruses Across All Ages); First presentation of data from the Phase 3 STRIDE-8 trial evaluating CAPVAXIVE in vaccine-naïve adults 18-64 years of age at increased risk of pneumococcal disease (Abstract #45, Poster Session: Adult Vaccines); Week 48 data from the Phase 2 study evaluating once-weekly oral islatravir plus lenacapavir (Abstract #577, Late Breaker Oral Abstract Session: What's Going Viral); Data from the SPECTRA (Study of Prescribing patterns and Effectiveness of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam [C/T] Real-world Analysis) study (multiple abstracts) and updates from the SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance program (multiple abstracts). Details on abstracts listed above and additional key abstracts for Merck: RSV A Phase 2b/3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of an Investigational Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Antibody, Clesrovimab, in Healthy Preterm and Full-Term Infants. A. Sinha. Abstract #166, Oral Abstract, Late Breaker Abstract Session: Respiratory Viruses Across All Ages Phase 3, Randomized, Controlled Trial Evaluating Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Clesrovimab in Infants and Children at Increased Risk for Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Disease. O. Ramilo. Abstract #167, Oral Abstract, Late Breaker Abstract Session: Respiratory Viruses Across All Ages Pneumococcal A Phase 3, Randomized Trial Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of V116, an Investigational Adult-Specific Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, in Pneumococcal Vaccine-Naïve Adults 18–64 Years of Age with Increased Risk for Pneumococcal Disease. P. Scott. Abstract #45, Poster Session: Adult Vaccines Disparities and Inequities in the Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in US Adults. N. Cossrow. Abstract #242, Poster Session: HAIs: Device-Associated (CLABSI, CAUTI, VAP) Quantifying the Impact of Introducing a New Adult-Focused PCV in the United States. O. Sharomi. Abstract #58, Poster Session: Adult Vaccines HIV Week 48 Results of a Phase 2 Study Evaluating Once-weekly Oral Islatravir Plus Lenacapavir. A. Colson. Abstract #577, Oral Abstract, Late Breaker Abstract Session: What's Going Viral Undesired Weight Gain and Associated Healthcare Outcomes Among People with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment. B.K. Tadese. Abstract #540, Poster Session: HIV: Treatment Antivirals Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) with Letermovir (LET) for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Prophylaxis in Pediatric (Birth to <18 Years of Age) Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) Recipients. L. Danziger-Isakov. Abstract #1196, Poster Session: Pediatric Viral Studies A SFGM-TC Real-world Study to Characterize Pediatric Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) and Identify Both the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Serology Status of Both Recipients and Their Donors. X. Bourge. Abstract #2356, Poster Session: Virology: Epidemiology of Viral Infections Virologic and Clinical Outcomes Among Participants Hospitalized in a Phase 3 Trial Comparing Molnupiravir with Placebo for Treating Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19. M. Johnson. Abstract #1928, Poster Session: COVID-19: Complications, Coinfections and Clinical Outcomes Antibiotics Treatment Patterns Among Hospitalized Patients with Gram-Negative Infection Treated with Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam (I/R): Retrospective US-Based EHR Medical Chart Review. E. Yucel. Abstract #1075, Poster Session: Novel Agents Effectiveness of Imipenem-Relebactam for Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas AeruGinosa in PnEumonia and Bloodstream Infections in the United States (MIRAGE): Preliminary Results. R. Shields. Abstract #1105, Poster Session: Novel Agents Comparative Effectiveness of Early Treatment with Ceftolozane/Tazobactam (C/T) Relative to Polymyxin (PB)-based Therapy for Non-COVID-19 Patients (pts) with Pneumonia (PNA) due to Multi-drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (MDR-PSA) Across US Hospitals. T. Lodise. Abstract #1537, Poster Session: Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Exacerbation of Chronic Respiratory Infections Treated with Ceftolozane/Tazobactam: Results from SPECTRA. E. Yucel. Abstract #1074, Poster Session: Novel Agents Describing the Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Hospitalized Pneumonia Patients Treated with Ceftolozane/Tazobactam (C/T): Insights from the SPECTRA Study. E. Yucel. Abstract #1076, Poster Session: Novel Agents Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with Febrile Neutropenia Treated with Ceftolozane/Tazobactam: A Subgroup Analysis of the SPECTRA Study. E. Yucel. Abstract #1113, Poster Session: Novel Agents Study of Prescribing patterns and Effectiveness of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam [C/T) Real-world Analysis Results (SPECTRA): Results of Immunocompromised Patients. E. Yucel. Abstract #2305, Poster Session: Transplant: Studies of Empiric and Preemptive Therapy Study of Prescribing patterns and Effectiveness of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam (C/T) Real-world Analysis (SPECTRA): Clinical Outcomes and Treatment Patterns from Mexico. E. Yucel. Abstract #1077, Poster Session: Novel Agents Antimicrobial Epidemiology/Surveillance Susceptibility of Clinical Non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales Isolates from Bloodstream and Respiratory Tract Infections to Imipenem/Relebactam and Comparators: SMART United States 2020-2022. M. Wise. Abstract #1519, Poster Session: Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections Activity of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam, Imipenem/Relebactam and Comparators Against Clinical MDR and DTR non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Stratified by Patient Age and Hospital Ward: SMART United States 2020-2022. M. Wise. Abstract #1518, Poster Session: Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections About Clesrovimab (MK-1654) Clesrovimab (MK-1654) is an investigational, extended half-life monoclonal antibody (mAb) developed as a passive immunization for the prevention of RSV. Clesrovimab is designed to be administered as the same single dose, regardless of birth weight, and is being studied in healthy pre-term, full-term and at-risk infants to provide direct, rapid and durable protection through their first RSV season against mild, moderate and severe RSV. About CAPVAXIVE CAPVAXIVE is Merck’s approved 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia in adults 18 years of age and older. CAPVAXIVE is specifically designed to help address Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes predominantly responsible for adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), including eight unique serotypes, 15A, 15C, 16F, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, and 35B compared to other pneumococcal vaccines. CAPVAXIVE is administered as a single dose. Select Safety Information for CAPVAXIVE Do not administer CAPVAXIVE to individuals with a history of a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) to any component of CAPVAXIVE or to diphtheria toxoid. Individuals with altered immunocompetence, including those receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may have a reduced immune response to CAPVAXIVE. The most commonly reported (>10%) solicited adverse reactions in individuals 18 through 49 years of age who received CAPVAXIVE were: injection-site pain (73.1%), fatigue (36.0%), headache (27.5%), myalgia (16.4%), injection-site erythema (13.8%), and injection-site swelling (13.3%). The most commonly reported (>10%) solicited adverse reactions in individuals 50 years of age and older who received CAPVAXIVE were: injection-site pain (41.2%), fatigue (19.7%), and headache (11.0%). Vaccination with CAPVAXIVE may not protect all vaccine recipients. Authorized Use of LAGEVRIO™ (molnupiravir) in the U.S. LAGEVRIO (molnupiravir) is authorized for use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the treatment of adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, and for whom alternative COVID-19 treatment options approved or authorized by FDA are not accessible or clinically appropriate. LAGEVRIO is not approved for any use, including the treatment of COVID-19, but is authorized for emergency use by the FDA under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). The emergency use of LAGEVRIO is only authorized for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of drugs and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic under Section 564(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1) unless the declaration is terminated or authorization revoked sooner. Limitations of Authorized Use LAGEVRIO is not authorized: for use in patients who are less than 18 years of age for initiation of treatment in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Benefit of treatment with LAGEVRIO has not been observed in subjects when treatment was initiated after hospitalization due to COVID-19 for use for longer than 5 consecutive days for pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19 LAGEVRIO may only be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs in the therapeutic class to which LAGEVRIO belongs (ie, anti-infectives). Selected Safety Information for LAGEVRIO Contraindications No contraindications have been identified based on the limited available data on the emergency use of LAGEVRIO authorized under this EUA. Warnings and Precautions There are limited clinical data available for LAGEVRIO. Serious and unexpected adverse events may occur that have not been previously reported with LAGEVRIO use. LAGEVRIO is not recommended for use during pregnancy. Based on findings from animal reproduction studies, LAGEVRIO may cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant individuals. There are no available human data on the use of LAGEVRIO in pregnant individuals to evaluate the risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. LAGEVRIO is authorized to be prescribed to a pregnant individual only after the healthcare provider has determined that the benefits would outweigh the risks for that individual patient. If the decision is made to use LAGEVRIO during pregnancy, the prescribing healthcare provider must document that the known and potential benefits and the potential risks of using LAGEVRIO during pregnancy were communicated to the pregnant individual. There is a pregnancy registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in individuals exposed to LAGEVRIO during pregnancy. The prescribing healthcare provider must document that a pregnant individual was made aware of the pregnancy registry at https://covid-pr.pregistry.com or 1-800-616-3791. Pregnant individuals exposed to LAGEVRIO or their healthcare providers can also report the exposure by contacting Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Rahway, NJ, USA at 1-877-888-4231. Advise individuals of childbearing potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use an effective method of contraception correctly and consistently during treatment with LAGEVRIO and for 4 days after the final dose. Prior to initiating treatment with LAGEVRIO, assess whether an individual of childbearing potential is pregnant or not, if clinically indicated. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported with LAGEVRIO. If signs and symptoms of a clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction or anaphylaxis occur, immediately discontinue LAGEVRIO and initiate appropriate medications and/or supportive care. LAGEVRIO is not authorized for use in patients less than 18 years of age because it may affect bone and cartilage growth. The safety and efficacy of LAGEVRIO have not been established in pediatric patients. Adverse Reactions The most common adverse reactions occurring in ≥1% of subjects in the LAGEVRIO treatment group in the Phase 3 double-blind MOVe-OUT study were diarrhea (2% versus placebo at 2%), nausea (1% versus placebo at 1%), and dizziness (1% versus placebo at 1%) all of which were Grade 1 (mild) or Grade 2 (moderate). Serious adverse events occurred in 7% of subjects receiving LAGEVRIO and 10% receiving placebo; most serious adverse events were COVID-19 related. Adverse events leading to death occurred in 2 (<1%) of the subjects receiving LAGEVRIO and 12 (2%) of subjects receiving placebo. Drug Interactions No drug interactions have been identified based on the limited available data on the emergency use of LAGEVRIO. No clinical drug-drug interaction trials of LAGEVRIO with concomitant medications, including other treatments for mild-to-moderate COVID-19, have been conducted. Pregnancy/Breastfeeding There are no data on the presence of molnupiravir or its metabolites in human milk. It is unknown whether molnupiravir has an effect on the breastfed infant or effects on milk production. Based on the potential for adverse reactions in the infant from LAGEVRIO, breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with LAGEVRIO and for 4 days after the final dose. A lactating individual may consider interrupting breastfeeding and may consider pumping and discarding breast milk during treatment and for 4 days after the last dose of LAGEVRIO. Males of Reproductive Potential While the risk is regarded as low, there is a theoretical risk for LAGEVRIO to affect offspring of treated males based on its mechanism of action. Advise sexually active individuals with partners of childbearing potential to use a reliable method of contraception correctly and consistently during treatment and for at least 3 months after the last dose of LAGEVRIO. The risk beyond three months after the last dose of LAGEVRIO is unknown. Required Reporting for Serious Adverse Events and Medication Errors The prescribing healthcare provider and/or the provider’s designee is/are responsible for mandatory reporting of all serious adverse events and medication errors potentially related to LAGEVRIO within 7 calendar days from the healthcare provider’s awareness of the event. Submit adverse event and medication error reports, using FDA Form 3500, to FDA MedWatch using one of the following methods: Complete and submit the report online: www.fda.gov/medwatch/report.htm Complete and submit a postage-paid FDA Form 3500 ( https://www.fda.gov/media/76299/download ) and return by: Mail to MedWatch, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852-9787, or Fax to 1-800-FDA-0178, or Call 1-800-FDA-1088 to request a reporting form In addition, please provide a copy of all FDA MedWatch forms to: Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Rahway, NJ, USA by: Fax: 215-616-5677 Email: dpoc.usa@merck.com Indications for PREVYMIS® (letermovir) PREVYMIS is indicated for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in adult and pediatric patients 6 months of age and older and weighing at least 6 kg who are CMV-seropositive recipients [R+] of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). PREVYMIS is indicated for prophylaxis of CMV disease in adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older and weighing at least 40 kg who are kidney transplant recipients at high risk (Donor CMV seropositive/Recipient CMV seronegative [D+/R-]). Selected Safety Information for PREVYMIS Contraindications PREVYMIS is contraindicated in patients receiving pimozide or ergot alkaloids. Increased pimozide concentrations may lead to QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Increased ergot alkaloids concentrations may lead to ergotism. PREVYMIS is contraindicated with pitavastatin and simvastatin when co-administered with cyclosporine. Significantly increased pitavastatin or simvastatin concentrations may lead to myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Warnings and Precautions The concomitant use of PREVYMIS and certain drugs may result in potentially significant drug interactions, some of which may lead to adverse reactions (PREVYMIS or concomitant drugs) or reduced therapeutic effect of PREVYMIS or the concomitant drug. Intravenous formulation of PREVYMIS contains the excipient hydroxypropyl betadex. PREVYMIS injection should be used only in patients unable to take oral therapy and patients should be switched to oral PREVYMIS as soon as they are able to take oral medications. If possible, intravenous administration should not exceed 4 weeks. In patients with renal impairment, accumulation of hydroxypropyl betadex may occur. In adult patients with CLcr less than 50 mL/min and in pediatric patients with a similar degree of renal impairment (based on age-appropriate assessment of renal function) receiving PREVYMIS injection, closely monitor serum creatinine levels. Animal studies have shown the potential for hydroxypropyl betadex to cause ototoxicity. The active ingredient, letermovir, is not known to be associated with ototoxicity. Adverse Reactions The rate of adverse events occurring in at least 10% of adult HSCT recipients treated with PREVYMIS and at a frequency at least 2% greater than placebo were nausea (27% vs 23%), diarrhea (26% vs 24%), vomiting (19% vs 14%), peripheral edema (14% vs 9%), cough (14% vs 10%), headache (14% vs 9%), fatigue (13% vs 11%), and abdominal pain (12% vs 9%). Hypersensitivity reaction, with associated moderate dyspnea, occurred in one adult HSCT recipient following the first infusion of IV PREVYMIS after switching from oral PREVYMIS, leading to treatment discontinuation. The most common adverse event occurring in at least 10% of adult kidney transplant recipients treated with PREVYMIS and at a frequency greater than valganciclovir was diarrhea (32% vs 29%). The safety profile of PREVYMIS in pediatric subjects was consistent with the safety profile observed in clinical trials of PREVYMIS in adults. Drug Interactions If PREVYMIS is co-administered with cyclosporine, the dosage of PREVYMIS should be decreased to 240 mg once daily in adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older. If PREVYMIS is co-administered with cyclosporine in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age, dose adjustment may be required. Co-administration of PREVYMIS may alter the plasma concentrations of other drugs and other drugs may alter the plasma concentrations of PREVYMIS. Consult the full Prescribing Information prior to and during treatment for potential drug interactions. Closely monitor serum creatinine levels in patients with CLcr less than 50 mL/min using PREVYMIS injection. PREVYMIS is not recommended for patients with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment. Use in Specific Populations The safety and effectiveness of PREVYMIS have not been established for: HSCT recipients less than 6 months of age or weighing less than 6 kg, or Kidney transplant recipients less than 12 years of age or weighing less than 40 kg. For patients with creatinine clearance (CLcr) greater than 10 mL/min (by Cockcroft-Gault equation), no dosage adjustment of PREVYMIS is required based on renal impairment. The safety of PREVYMIS in patients with end-stage renal disease (CLcr less than 10 mL/min), including patients on dialysis, is unknown. Following the completion of PREVYMIS prophylaxis, monitoring for CMV reactivation in HSCT recipients is recommended. Indications and usage for RECARBRIO™ (imipenem, cilastatin, and relebactam) RECARBRIO is indicated for the treatment of patients 18 years of age and older with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), caused by the following susceptible gram-negative microorganisms: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens . RECARBRIO is indicated in patients 18 years of age and older who have limited or no alternative treatment options, for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including pyelonephritis, caused by the following susceptible gram-negative microorganisms: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . RECARBRIO is indicated in patients 18 years of age and older who have limited or no alternative treatment options for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) caused by the following susceptible gram-negative microorganisms: Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Parabacteroides distasonis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Approval of the cUTI and cIAI indications is based on limited clinical safety and efficacy data for RECARBRIO. Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of RECARBRIO and other antibacterial drugs, RECARBRIO should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Selected Safety Information for RECARBRIO Hypersensitivity Reactions : RECARBRIO is contraindicated in patients with a history of known severe hypersensitivity (severe systemic allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis) to any component of RECARBRIO. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with beta-lactams. Before initiating therapy with RECARBRIO, careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to carbapenems, penicillins, cephalosporins, other beta-lactams, and other allergens. If a hypersensitivity reaction to RECARBRIO occurs, discontinue the therapy immediately. Seizures and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Adverse Reactions : CNS adverse reactions, such as seizures, confusional states, and myoclonic activity, have been reported during treatment with imipenem/cilastatin, a component of RECARBRIO, especially when recommended dosages of imipenem were exceeded. These have been reported most commonly in patients with CNS disorders (eg, brain lesions or history of seizures) and/or compromised renal function. Anticonvulsant therapy should be continued in patients with known seizure disorders. If CNS adverse reactions including seizures occur, patients should undergo a neurological evaluation to determine whether RECARBRIO should be discontinued. Increased Seizure Potential Due to Interaction with Valproic Acid : Concomitant use of RECARBRIO, with valproic acid or divalproex sodium may increase the risk of breakthrough seizures. Avoid concomitant use of RECARBRIO with valproic acid or divalproex sodium or consider alternative antibacterial drugs other than carbapenems. Clostridioides difficile –Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including RECARBRIO, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C difficile may need to be discontinued. Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria : Prescribing RECARBRIO in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Adverse Reactions : The most frequently reported adverse reactions occurring in ≥5% of HABP/VABP patients treated with RECARBRIO were aspartate aminotransferase increased (11.7%), anemia (10.5%), alanine aminotransferase increased (9.8%), diarrhea (7.9%), hypokalemia (7.9%), and hyponatremia (6.4%). The most frequently reported adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of cUTI and cIAI patients treated with RECARBRIO were diarrhea (6%), nausea (6%), headache (4%), vomiting (3%), alanine aminotransferase increased (3%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (3%), phlebitis/infusion site reactions (2%), pyrexia (2%), and hypertension (2%). Indications and usage for ZERBAXA® (ceftolozane and tazobactam) ZERBAXA is indicated for the treatment of adult patients (18 years and older) with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Serratia marcescens . ZERBAXA is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients (birth to less than 18 years old) with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including pyelonephritis, caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . ZERBAXA used in combination with metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients (birth to less than 18 years old) with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus , and Streptococcus salivarius . Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ZERBAXA and other antibacterial drugs, ZERBAXA should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Important Safety Information for ZERBAXA Patients with renal impairment : Decreased efficacy of ZERBAXA has been observed in patients with baseline CrCl of 30 to <50 mL/min. In a clinical trial of adult patients, patients with cIAIs with CrCl >50 mL/min had a clinical cure rate of 85.2% when treated with ZERBAXA plus metronidazole vs 87.9% when treated with meropenem. In the same trial, patients with CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min had a clinical cure rate of 47.8% when treated with ZERBAXA plus metronidazole vs 69.2% when treated with meropenem. A similar trend was also seen in the cUTI trial. Dose adjustment is required for adult patients with CrCl 50 mL/min or less. All doses of ZERBAXA are administered over 1 hour. Monitor CrCl at least daily in patients with changing renal function and adjust the dose of ZERBAXA accordingly. Hypersensitivity : ZERBAXA is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to the components of ZERBAXA (ceftolozane/tazobactam), piperacillin/tazobactam, or other members of the beta-lactam class. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterials. Before initiating therapy with ZERBAXA, make careful inquiry about previous hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins, penicillins, or other beta-lactams. If an anaphylactic reaction to ZERBAXA occurs, discontinue use and institute appropriate therapy. Clostridioides difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD) , ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis, has been reported with nearly all systemic antibacterial agents, including ZERBAXA. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is confirmed, antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible. Development of drug-resistant bacteria : Prescribing ZERBAXA in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and risks the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Adverse reactions in adult patients with HABP/VABP : The most common adverse reactions occurring in ≥5% of adult patients receiving ZERBAXA in the HABP/VABP trial were hepatic transaminase increased (11.9%), renal impairment/renal failure (8.9%), and diarrhea (6.4%). Adverse reactions in adult patients with cIAI or cUTI : The most common adverse reactions occurring in ≥5% of adult patients receiving ZERBAXA in the cUTI and cIAI trials were headache (5.8%) in the cUTI trial, and nausea (7.9%), diarrhea (6.2%), and pyrexia (5.6%) in the cIAI trial. Adverse reactions in pediatric patients with cIAI or cUTI : The most common adverse reactions occurring in ≥7% of pediatric patients receiving ZERBAXA in the cIAI trial were diarrhea (17%), thrombocytosis (16%), pyrexia (13%), abdominal pain (11%), vomiting (10%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (7%), and anemia (7%). The most common adverse reactions occurring in ≥7% of pediatric patients receiving ZERBAXA in the cUTI trial were thrombocytosis (9%), leukopenia (8%), diarrhea (7%), and pyrexia (7%). Pediatric Use : There is insufficient information to recommend dosage adjustment for pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age with cIAI and cUTI with eGFR 50 mL/min/1.73m2 or less. ZERBAXA is not recommended in pediatric patients who have an eGFR 50 mL/min/1.73m2 or less. Pediatric patients born at term or pre-term may not have an eGFR of 50 mL/min/1.73m2 or greater at birth or within the first few months of life. About Merck At Merck, known as MSD outside of the United States and Canada, we are unified around our purpose: We use the power of leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. For more than 130 years, we have brought hope to humanity through the development of important medicines and vaccines. We aspire to be the premier research-intensive biopharmaceutical company in the world – and today, we are at the forefront of research to deliver innovative health solutions that advance the prevention and treatment of diseases in people and animals. We foster a diverse and inclusive global workforce and operate responsibly every day to enable a safe, sustainable and healthy future for all people and communities. For more information, visit www.merck.com and connect with us on X (formerly Twitter) , Facebook , Instagram , YouTube and LinkedIn . 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Risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to, general industry conditions and competition; general economic factors, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; the impact of pharmaceutical industry regulation and health care legislation in the United States and internationally; global trends toward health care cost containment; technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product development, including obtaining regulatory approval; the company’s ability to accurately predict future market conditions; manufacturing difficulties or delays; financial instability of international economies and sovereign risk; dependence on the effectiveness of the company’s patents and other protections for innovative products; and the exposure to litigation, including patent litigation, and/or regulatory actions. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) available at the SEC’s Internet site ( www.sec.gov ). Please see Prescribing Information for CAPVAXIVE (Pneumococcal 21-valent Conjugate Vaccine) at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/c/capvaxive/capvaxive_pi.pdf and Patient Information/Medication Guide for CAPVAXIVE at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/c/capvaxive/capvaxive_ppi.pdf Before prescribing LAGEVRIO (molnupiravir) please read the Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers, including Mandatory Requirements for Administration of Molnupiravir under Emergency Use Authorization, at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/eua/molnupiravir-hcp-fact-sheet.pdf and Fact Sheet for Patients and Caregivers at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/eua/molnupiravir-patient-fact-sheet-english.pdf Please see Prescribing Information for PREVYMIS (letermovir) at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/p/prevymis/prevymis_pi.pdf , Patient Information/Medication Guide for PREVYMIS at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/p/prevymis/prevymis_ppi.pdf and Instructions for Use for PREVYMIS at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/p/prevymis/prevymis_ifu.pdf Please see Prescribing Information for RECARBRIO (imipenem, cilastatin, and relebactam) at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/r/recarbrio/recarbrio_pi.pdf Please see Prescribing Information for ZERBAXA (ceftolozane and tazobactam) at https://www-merck-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zerbaxa/zerbaxa_pi.pdf