Delving into the Latest Updates on Morphine Sulfate with Synapse

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryMorphine Sulfate, an exceptional and potent drug, selectively targets opioid receptors in the body, providing unsurpassed relief from pain and its associated effects. As an agonist, it stimulates mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors, binding and activating these specific receptors, and serving as an impeccable option for managing severe pain, such as that resulting from cancer or post-surgery. The drug underwent extensive regulatory scrutiny and was granted approval in September 1984. Since then, it has become a widely used and trusted means of pain management, despite being a controlled substance that requires prescriptions from healthcare providers due to its potential for abuse and addiction. Patients should be mindful of the range of potential side effects associated with Morphine Sulfate, including dizziness, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression, among others. Hence, it is of utmost importance for patients to be well-informed about the risks associated with its use and adhere to their healthcare provider's guidance meticulously.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

Morphine Sulfate Hydrate, Morphinhydrochloricum, EG-P066

+ [36]

Target

Opioid receptors

Action

agonists

Mechanism

Opioid receptors agonists(Opioid receptors agonists)

Therapeutic Areas

Nervous System DiseasesOther Diseases

Active Indication

Acute PainCancer PainPain+ [1]

Inactive Indication

AnesthesiaArthralgiaHallux Valgus+ [7]

Originator Organization

Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.

Active Organization

Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd.

+ [9]

Inactive Organization

Pfizer Inc.

Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Zyla Life Sciences US LLC

+ [8]

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

United States (18 Sep 1984),

Chronic Pain

RegulationFast Track (United States)

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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC34H40N2O10S

InChIKeyUSAHOPJHPJHUNS-IFCNUISUSA-N

CAS Registry64-31-3

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if morphine added to the spinal anaesthesia can improve postoperative pain treatment for patients undergoing caesarean section, without increasing the risk of serious adverse events in mother and baby.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Is the treatment effective in preventing postoperative pain?
* Is the treatment safe for both mother and baby?
Participants will be given a normal spinal anaesthesia with addition of either morphine or sodium chloride (inactive substance). All participants will receive standard postoperative pain treatment, including morphine tablets as needed. Researchers will collect data from the electronic medical record and ask the participants to fill out questionnaires about pain levels and possible side effects.

Start Date01 Jun 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Zealand University Hospital

100 Clinical Results associated with Morphine Sulfate

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Morphine Sulfate

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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Morphine Sulfate

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54,116

Literatures (Medical) associated with Morphine Sulfate

31 Dec 2025·Gut Microbes

Gut dysbiosis was inevitable, but tolerance was not: temporal responses of the murine microbiota that maintain its capacity for butyrate production correlate with sustained antinociception to chronic morphine

Article

Author: Calawa, Jennifer ; Rosa, Zachary ; Whistler, Jennifer L. ; Whistler, Cheryl A. ; Felth, Lindsey ; Pavlik, Nadia ; Foxall, Randi ; Maret, Soren ; Sall, Izabella ; Gaur, Anirudh

The therapeutic benefits of opioids are compromised by the development of analgesic tolerance, which necessitates higher dosing for pain management thereby increasing the liability for drug dependence and addiction. Rodent models indicate opposing roles of the gut microbiota in tolerance: morphine-induced gut dysbiosis exacerbates tolerance, whereas probiotics ameliorate tolerance. Not all individuals develop tolerance, which could be influenced by differences in microbiota, and yet no study design has capitalized upon this natural variation. We leveraged natural behavioral variation in a murine model of voluntary oral morphine self-administration to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbiota influences tolerance. Although all mice shared similar morphine-driven microbiota changes that largely masked informative associations with variability in tolerance, our high-resolution temporal analyses revealed a divergence in the progression of dysbiosis that best explained sustained antinociception. Mice that did not develop tolerance maintained a higher capacity for production of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate known to bolster intestinal barriers and promote neuronal homeostasis. Both fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from donor mice that did not develop tolerance and dietary butyrate supplementation significantly reduced the development of tolerance independently of suppression of systemic inflammation. These findings could inform immediate therapies to extend the analgesic efficacy of opioids.

01 Jul 2025·TALANTA

Portable solvent-assisted thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry for highly sensitive detection of illicit drugs in hair

Article

Author: Wu, Yong ; Tang, Keqi ; Han, Renlu ; Gao, Wenqing ; Yu, Jiancheng ; Wu, Sifang ; Wang, Chenlu ; Xu, Feng

Portable mass spectrometers have played an important role in the rapid field detection of drugs; however, interference from matrix components, such as salts, solvents, and other metabolites, often leads to high rates of false positives and false negatives, making it challenging to meet the requirements for rapid field detection. To mitigate these challenges, a solvent-assisted thermal desorption ionization source has been developed, which enables rapid screening, improved accuracy and quantitative MS analysis. This ionization source is designed to allow the introduction of sample solution into the thermal desorption chamber with coaxial solvent and gas flows. The sample is introduced into a closed high-temperature thermal desorption chamber by the coaxial gas flow, where it is rapidly vaporized, enabling a concentrated ionization and avoiding chemical interferences from the environment. The use of both a solvent flow and a guiding gas flow in the new ion source design effectively reduces the sample deposition on the inner surface of the glass liner in the thermal desorption chamber and minimize cross contamination and the interferences from salts in the sample, a significant 1.8-5 fold enhancement in the signal intensity of the drug was observed, and accommodates a large sample volume injection for a significantly increased sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy of MS detection. By integrating this novel solvent-assisted thermal desorption ionization source with a portable mass spectrometer and employing a selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, the linear dynamic ranges of detection for ketamine, cocaine, and morphine in the hair matrix have shown to be 1-20 ng/mg, with R² > 0.99. The recovery rates for the three tested illicit drugs are all within the range of 92.28 %-104.66 %. Both intra-day and inter-day precision remain to be below 10 %, indicating high measurement accuracy and stability. The limit of detection (LOD) for ketamine, cocaine, and morphine at 0.2 ng/mg has also been achieved, which is significantly better than those by using conventional methodologies. The technique developed through this study provides a reliable tool for in situ rapid analysis of illicit drugs in hair.

01 Jul 2025·BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Prefrontal cortical microglial transcriptome relates to mouse offspring executive function deficits after perinatal opioid exposure in a sex-dependent manner

Article

Author: Brooks-Patton, Brandon ; Reyes, Teresa M ; Wohleb, Eric S ; Makela, Anna G ; Brendle, Alexander H ; Woodburn, Samuel C ; Guzman, Tess A ; Bollinger, Justin L ; Smith, Brittany L

Opioid use during pregnancy affects over 7% of pregnancies in the United States. While efforts have been directed at mitigating effects of prenatal opioid exposure acutely in the neonatal period, long-term neurodevelopmental studies in humans remain challenging. Using a preclinical model, we previously found that perinatal morphine (MO) exposure induces sex-dependent executive function deficits in adult offspring, and sexually divergent shifts in microglia phenotype. Therefore, this study used transcriptional profiling to test whether perinatal MO exposure would cause sex-specific transcriptional changes in microglia that would relate to offspring executive function outcomes in BXD F1 mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were given MO via the drinking water or saccharin only (SCH) one week prior to mating with DBA males, throughout gestation, and lactation until offspring were weaned. Offspring executive function was assessed in adulthood using the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), and microglia from the PFC were isolated and characterized via RNA-seq. In the 5CSRTT, male MO-exposed offspring had reduced accuracy and female MO-exposed offspring had increased inattentive behavior. There were a similar number of genes altered in female vs. male microglia, but only 3 differentially expressed genes were evident in both sexes. Further, hierarchical clustering analysis and WGCNA identified genes that related to behavioral deficits. Together, our data identify individual genes and pathways in microglia within each sex that may relate to executive function deficits observed after perinatal opioid exposure, even though the transcriptional profiles are highly divergent between the sexes.

163

News (Medical) associated with Morphine Sulfate

17 Mar 2025

·www.fiercepharma.com

Dr. Reddy’s, Sun Pharma and Zydus issue US recalls, citing failed specs and labeling issues

Multiple drugmakers have had to yank their products in the U.S. this year over manufacturing and quality concerns. A trio of drugmakers have issued separate recalls in the U.S. thanks to string of production flubs, including failed impurity and dissolution specifications and incorrect labelling of infusion bags.The companies behind the product pulls are Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Sun Pharma and Zydus Pharmaceuticals, all three of which hail from India. The drugmakers are recalling seizure treatments, painkillers and a chemotherapy drug, respectively, according to the FDA’s online enforcement report, which the regulator uses to catalogue recalls. In the case of Dr. Reddy’s, the company unveiled a voluntary recall on March 13 for one lot of 1,000 mg/100 ml single-dose levetiracetam infusion bags that had been shipped out across the U.S. in early November. The infusion bags from the suspect batch were incorrectly labeled as 500 mg/100 ml levetiracetam in 0.82% sodium chloride injection, while the aluminum overwrap packaging correctly identifies the product as levetiracetam in 0.75% sodium chloride injection 1,000 mg/100 ml, Dr. Reddy’s explained in its recall notice.Levetiracetam is typically used to treat certain types of seizures when patients are unable to take an oral medication. Although Dr. Reddy’s says there have so far been no reported safety events related to the product pull, patients receiving higher-than-expected doses of the drug by rapid intravenous infusion are at risk of “immediate and serious side effects,” including liver injury, respiratory depression and coma, the company explained. Sun Pharma, for its part, is recalling nearly 10,000 100 mg bottles of morphine sulfate extended-release tablets after the products failed to meet FDA dissolution specifications. The painkillers are part of lot AD16615, which was set to expire in July. The morphine sulfate tablets at issue were distributed nationwide, according to the FDA’s enforcement report.Sun initiated the Class II recall on Feb. 6. The tablets were manufactured by the Indian drugmaker’s subsidiary Ohm Laboratories in New Brunswick, New Jersey.Lastly, Zydus Pharmaceuticals initiated two separate Class II recalls on Feb. 13 covering a whopping 38,871 vials of the chemotherapy injection nelarabine, which were manufactured at the company’s Ahmedabad, India, production facility.The drugmaker issued the recall due to failed impurity and degradation specifications, the FDA’s enforcement report notes.The far-reaching product pull accounts for more than 20 lots of the chemotherapy med, which were set to expire as early as last month or as late as July 2026, depending on the specific batch. Multiple drugmakers have had to yank their products in the U.S. this year, with one recent recall yielding significant interest for its scope and treatment type.Earlier this month, Glenmark Pharma revealed it was recalling some 1.48 million bottles of the generic attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug atomoxetine after detecting unacceptable levels of a possible carcinogen in the product.Atomoxetine—previously sold by Eli Lilly under the brand name Strattera—is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (sNRI) independent of the stimulant-based offerings that make up the bulk of ADHD treatment.

Drug Approval

06 Mar 2025

·endpts.com

Corrected: Merck KGaA’s mixed Phase 2 lupus results; Zymeworks pauses work on ADC

Plus, news about Tris Pharma and ARS Pharmaceuticals: Merck KGaA’s lupus drug yields mixed data in mid-stage trial: The drugmaker’s TLR7/8 inhibitor, called enpatoran, missed one of two Phase 2 primary endpoints in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, according to chief financial officer Helene von Roeder on the company’s earnings call on Thursday. The drug previously showed promise patients with cutaneous lupus in the same trial, and Merck said the overall data support further development. — Ayisha Sharma Zymeworks deprioritizes ADC: The company is pausing Phase 1 development of ZW220, which is designed to target sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2b. It had been considering testing the ADC in ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer. Zymeworks noted that the program still has “strong commercial rationale with partnership potential.” — Max Gelman Tris Pharma reports another Phase 3 success for pain drug: The treatment, called cebranopadol, succeeded in a trial measuring its pain reduction abilities after surgical bunion removal. The win comes less than two months after a Phase 3 study in patients who had undergone tummy tucks also met its primary endpoint. The drug is designed to target the pathway used by painkillers like Vicodin and morphine to create their sedative and analgesic effects as well as another receptor that has a “modulatory role” on that pathway (though it still belongs to the broader family of opioid receptors). — Max Gelman ARS Pharmaceuticals’ neffy gets another approval: The company said Wednesday that the FDA approved neffy 1 mg to treat Type I allergic reactions in children who are at least 4 years old and hit a weight requirement. The nasal spray was first approved in the US last summer. — Jaimy Lee Editor’s note: This article and its headline were corrected to note that Merck KGaA’s lupus trial had mixed data and to correct a quote attribution. A previous version of the article incorrectly stated that the trial had failed.

Phase 3Phase 2Drug ApprovalPhase 1ADC

27 Feb 2025

·www.prnewswire.com

CBSA launches Operation Blizzard to target fentanyl and other synthetic narcotics

OTTAWA, ON, Feb. 27, 2025 /PRNewswire/ - The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) plays an important role in keeping fentanyl, its precursors and other dangerous narcotics off our streets. Today, the CBSA shared details about additional actions being taken to stop fentanyl and other synthetic narcotics from reaching communities across the country and abroad. As part of Canada's Border Plan, the CBSA has launched Operation Blizzard, a targeted, cross-country initiative aimed at intercepting illegal contraband arriving and leaving Canada, with a focus on fentanyl and other synthetic narcotics. During this blitz, border services officers will be increasing examinations of inbound and outbound shipments. They will also be acting on increased referrals from CBSA's National Targeting Centre based on risk assessments. The goal of the operation is to disrupt the supply chain for fentanyl and other illicit drugs through interception of contraband as part of Canada's overarching efforts to strengthen border security and combat organized crime. In addition to Operation Blizzard, CBSA's collaborative efforts with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and local law enforcement partners have resulted in significant seizures across the country. In February 2025 alone, the CBSA made six seizures amounting to 56.1g of fentanyl, including the seizure of 20 fentanyl pills and 23 g of a substance suspected to be fentanyl from two U.S. citizens crossing at the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel port of entry. The CBSA has also shared details about the following seizures of other illegal narcotics in the month of February: 186 kg of methamphetamine (estimated value of $1.86 million) and 42 kg of cocaine (estimated value of $1 million) at Coutts port of entry 6.4 kg of meth (estimated value of $500,000) in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) 38 kg of cocaine (estimated value of $4.7 million) in the GTA 2.3 kg of cocaine (estimated value of $280,000) in the GTA 35 kg of ketamine (estimated value of $2.4 million) at Vancouver International Airport 30.6 g of suspected heroin (estimated value of $12,240) at the Peace Bridge port of entry 30 kg of suspected ketamine (estimated value of $2.1 million) in the GTA Quote "The Government of Canada is tackling the fentanyl crisis head on by disrupting the supply chain of fentanyl and its precursors. Operation Blizzard demonstrates our commitment to protecting North Americans and defending our borders from the organized crime groups who threaten our communities." - The Honourable David J. McGuinty, Minister of Public Safety "Canada is taking significant action to stop the importation, production and trafficking of illegal fentanyl. In addition to the deployment of new tools and technology at the border, we also rely heavily on our frontline personnel to secure our border. Exercises like Operation Blizzard deter criminals and help ensure that our border response to illegal drug trafficking is robust and effective." - Kevin Brosseau, Fentanyl Czar "The CBSA will not allow organized criminal organizations to exploit our borders. We are taking enhanced measures to prevent narcotics, synthetic opioids and fentanyl from reaching Canadians and from being exported to other countries. Operation Blizzard is one of the many steps we are taking to protect our communities from these dangerous substances." - Erin O'Gorman, President, Canada Border Services Agency Quick Facts Fentanyl is a very potent opioid pain reliever. A few grains can be enough to kill you. It is a dangerous drug that is 20 to 40 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine. This makes the risk of accidental overdose very high. In 2024, the CBSA made 28,325 illegal drug seizures, including 4.9 kilograms of fentanyl. For the latest statistics on CBSA's enforcement action seizures, visit Canada Border Services Agency seizures. On February 11, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the appointment of Kevin Brosseau as Canada's Fentanyl Czar. Mr. Brosseau will work closely with U.S. counterparts and law enforcement agencies to accelerate Canada's ongoing work to detect, disrupt, and dismantle the fentanyl trade. The CBSA's response to the opioid crisis includes working with domestic and international law enforcement partners to identify and apprehend individuals, groups, and businesses that are suspected to be involved in the cross border movement of illicit drugs and substances. The CBSA also works with Health Canada in monitoring new and emerging threats of non-regulated substances that may be used for the illegal production of controlled substances, which can lead to scheduling of these chemicals under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Canada's Border Plan is backed by an investment of $1.3 billion and built around five pillars: detecting and disrupting the fentanyl trade; new tools for law enforcement; enhancing operational coordination; increasing information sharing, and minimizing unnecessary border volumes. Contact the Border Watch Line to report suspicious cross-border activities using our secure web form or by calling 1-888-502-9060 toll-free. Follow us on X (@CanBorder), Instagram (@CanBorder), and join us on Facebook or visit our YouTube channel. SOURCE Canada Border Services Agency WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

Executive Change

100 Deals associated with Morphine Sulfate

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External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
-	Morphine Sulfate	N02AA01	DB00295

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Acute Pain	United States	Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.	17 Mar 2008
Cancer Pain	Japan	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	01 Jan 1989
Pain	United States	Purdue Pharma LP	29 May 1987
Chronic Pain	United States	Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.	18 Sep 1984

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Opioid-Related Disorders	Phase 3	Canada	Mayne Pharma International Pty Ltd.	06 Dec 2019
Pain, Postoperative	Phase 3	United States	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	01 May 2006
Neoplasms	Phase 2	Lithuania	Egalet Ltd.	01 Aug 2007
Neoplasms	Phase 2	Poland	Egalet Ltd.	01 Aug 2007
Hallux Valgus	Phase 2	-	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	01 Jan 2005
Toothache	Phase 2	-	Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	01 Sep 2001
Arthralgia	Phase 2	China	Hebei Aoxing Group Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	-
Neuralgia	Phase 2	China	Hebei Aoxing Group Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	-
Anesthesia	Phase 1	-	Pfizer Inc.	01 Aug 2010
Narcotic-Related Disorders	Phase 1	-	Pfizer Inc.	01 Aug 2010

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Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT05506930 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Analgesia	14	Intrathecal Morphine (Intrathecal Morphine)	ejybcfuajz(dezggrzckp) = maxmiodlnx urallesonh (fhgcfmpjwx, 0.8) View more	-	15 Apr 2025
				Quadratus lumborum block (Quadratus Lumborum Block)	ejybcfuajz(dezggrzckp) = rsjgfkjpur urallesonh (fhgcfmpjwx, 1.4) View more
NCT02473276 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Post-Dural Puncture Headache	44	Sterile normal saline+Morphine (EPID PFM)	kcufqvyyfe = hqiythuged aoasykbajx (nzuriajcbt, dbimmvoovd - szwozmofkc) View more	-	05 Feb 2025
				Sterile normal saline (EPID SAL)	kcufqvyyfe = wihricqssx aoasykbajx (nzuriajcbt, xafvucchyu - wrxldcxsyl) View more
NCT03249558 (Duloxetine, CTgov)	Phase 4	Low Back Pain \| Chronic Pain \| Neck Pain	81	Duloxetine+Morphine (Morphine, Duloxetine)	eytkcwoxyl(lwvypsqqov) = wzyfoavpyl vbkfgggtse (ikmabxlcke, 2.05) View more	-	14 Nov 2024
				Placebo+Morphine (Morphine, Placebo Duloxetine)	eytkcwoxyl(lwvypsqqov) = evftuxegsf vbkfgggtse (ikmabxlcke, 2.16) View more
NCT04388111 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Acute Pain \| Osteoarthritis, Knee	65	antibiotics (Control Group)	jurbvgudgr(resmglitla) = qggapvdotl rdvbnnzpkr (ibgretwhei, 0.39) View more	-	19 Sep 2024
				morphine (Intarosseous Morphine)	jurbvgudgr(resmglitla) = wxhtemaabn rdvbnnzpkr (ibgretwhei, 0.37) View more
NCT03261193 (qlcsection, CTgov)	Phase 3	Pain, Postoperative	21	ITM + Sham QLB (ITM + Sham QLB)	flvdloensz(ewqdamvpkz) = aehyjdfljv smnpvzcbxu (etuvdvyzoa, 2.23) View more	-	06 May 2024
				ITM+Bupivacaine (ITM + Bupivacaine QLB)	flvdloensz(ewqdamvpkz) = sjzmejlbxc smnpvzcbxu (etuvdvyzoa, 1.83) View more
NCT00701909 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Pain \| Nausea \| Hallucinations ... View more	12	Morphine+Ketamine (Morphine Plus Ketamine)	hdwirbtalg(qkirptxdxg) = qxcxswazbb fcxwoekukn (tmcfyvytvv, .99) View more	-	26 Mar 2024
				Morphine (Morphine Plus Saline)	hdwirbtalg(qkirptxdxg) = tbsnxyxxfo fcxwoekukn (tmcfyvytvv, .92) View more
NCT05069012 (Pubmed \| Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med) Manual	Phase 4	Analgesia	72	50 mcg of intrathecal morphine	dlhuanycqf(jhksouipop) = ztkxtbmsyl qwjbqcpnib (cbgqzywako ) View more	Positive	01 Feb 2024
				150 mcg of intrathecal morphine	dlhuanycqf(jhksouipop) = dogjcyiqsj qwjbqcpnib (cbgqzywako ) View more
NCT03933397 (COMPARE-VOE, CTgov)	Phase 3	Vaso-occlusive crisis \| Anemia, Sickle Cell	328	Patient-Specific Protocol+Hydromorphone+Morphine (Patient-Specific Protocol)	ofmnkxfqcu(pdgikifgdf) = qbihpezplg figlfhcmpl (nntnzmaohx, 27.54) View more	-	03 Jul 2023
				Weight-based Protocol+Hydromorphone+Morphine (Weight-based Protocol)	ofmnkxfqcu(pdgikifgdf) = vbjzgolkfk figlfhcmpl (nntnzmaohx, 28.13) View more
NCT02851303 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome	61	Morphine (Morphine)	qlovpzgtij(snljxisoyr) = iecdgesxmj wibbilgksb (zuqvjwjika, 8.6) View more	-	24 May 2023
				Methadone (Methadone)	qlovpzgtij(snljxisoyr) = amprdzdvwf wibbilgksb (zuqvjwjika, 4.7) View more
NCT02558010 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Pain \| Scoliosis	58	Methadone+Morphine (Methadone Group)	fbxrnwtsgh(nakkfbyxic) = uprxqsftfx jyaownrnnv (agjmobwgvc, cxeeelopsr - xmgvmywtal) View more	-	27 Apr 2023
				Morphine+Normal Saline (Control Group)	fbxrnwtsgh(nakkfbyxic) = djhczizifn jyaownrnnv (agjmobwgvc, dzpmkpkdal - atbnxvxjpa) View more