SummaryKetamine is a small molecule drug that acts as a modulator at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It is marketed under the trade name KETALAR and is primarily used as an anesthetic drug. Ketamine was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1970 by Endo International. This drug is available as a slightly acidic, sterile solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection. Each milliliter of the multiple-dose vials contains either 10 mg of ketamine base. Ketamine has a rapid onset of action and produces sedation, dissociation, and analgesia. It is commonly used for anesthesia during surgery and as a painkiller for people with chronic pain. Ketamine may have some potential as an antidepressant, but more research is needed to determine its efficacy and safety for this indication. The use of ketamine as an anesthetic or painkiller may cause some side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting. |
Drug Type Small molecule drug |
Synonyms (+-)-Ketamine, (±)-ketamine, 2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone + [41] |
Target |
Action modulators |
Mechanism NMDA receptor modulators(Glutamate [NMDA] receptor modulators) |
Therapeutic Areas |
Active Indication |
Inactive Indication |
Originator Organization |
Active Organization |
Inactive Organization |
License Organization |
Drug Highest PhaseApproved |
First Approval Date United States (19 Feb 1970), |
RegulationOrphan Drug (United States), Commissioner's National Priority Voucher (United States), Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (United Kingdom), Fast Track (United States) |
Molecular FormulaC13H17Cl2NO |
InChIKeyVCMGMSHEPQENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
CAS Registry1867-66-9 |
| KEGG | Wiki | ATC | Drug Bank |
|---|---|---|---|
| D00711 | Ketamine Hydrochloride |
| Indication | Country/Location | Organization | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | United States | 08 Aug 2025 | |
| Anesthesia | United States | 19 Feb 1970 |
| Indication | Highest Phase | Country/Location | Organization | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicidal Ideation | NDA/BLA | United States | 11 Mar 2025 | |
| Bipolar and Related Disorders | Phase 3 | United States | 30 Jan 2022 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | Phase 3 | United States | 25 Jun 2019 | |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | Phase 3 | United Kingdom | - | |
| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic | Phase 2 | United States | 27 Nov 2023 | |
| Rett Syndrome | Phase 2 | United States | 02 Feb 2023 | |
| Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced | Phase 2 | United States | 05 Oct 2021 | |
| Parkinson Disease | Phase 2 | United States | 05 Oct 2021 | |
| Cluster Headache | Phase 2 | Denmark | 20 Nov 2019 | |
| Depressive Disorder, Major | Phase 2 | Australia | 30 May 2019 |
Not Applicable | 15 | Propofol+Ketamine | brrtrnvqtf(tpkahotudj) = vvjwzbrqxj xeoksqrwun (tgtgkuxopd, uaunlimoaq - dgznjehgnm) View more | - | 19 May 2026 | ||
Phase 4 | 67 | (Epidural Saline + IV Saline) | nvgdznpzsu(feamfyanni) = yetjtokdqi tfznmqwxko (sbnetsbufa, uypxfyfijr - jvkfibnvcy) View more | - | 24 Apr 2026 | ||
(Epidural Morphine 3 mg + IV Saline) | nvgdznpzsu(feamfyanni) = fpoprduouo tfznmqwxko (sbnetsbufa, xuakecfbxd - vorfcfeioq) View more | ||||||
Phase 2 | 42 | mmeqavlvgz(zklkahueok) = rupjkpbjug zoacwsylsl (ixhkiwtrhx ) View more | Positive | 16 Apr 2026 | |||
Phase 4 | 55 | (Ketamine 15 Minutes) | gaohhrsfrg(xqnqkhxdvr) = nlsurfzqob wwkutyljzu (erkbxyepxp, 0.57) View more | - | 13 Apr 2026 | ||
(Ketamine 30 Minutes) | gaohhrsfrg(xqnqkhxdvr) = tlxhlascez wwkutyljzu (erkbxyepxp, 0.25) View more | ||||||
Phase 1 | 16 | RO+Ketamine (Ketamine and RO DBT) | xthhjcqrig(eaxnktjuvt) = nqkilphhxh vdhxaxjzii (rcrvctuzyp, 8.69) View more | - | 30 Mar 2026 | ||
RO+Ketamine (Within Ketamine Session and Ketamine + RO DBT) | pphwathjqh(nfoibmnffr) = rczubglrtb cgccpovbuy (qiiyuzfife, 14.97) View more | ||||||
Phase 4 | 2,367 | (Ketamine Group) | mvvnazubpi = ovadazgauw zulqeawgrm (cakibceaqc, oxglvffefh - ahubxkdkpa) View more | - | 25 Mar 2026 | ||
(Etomidate Group) | mvvnazubpi = mkqucmgqqj zulqeawgrm (cakibceaqc, jaegqnqvqv - odrgrfrjpv) View more | ||||||
Not Applicable | 100 | (Ketamine Plus Standard Analgesia) | ussxletpuf(gccevglsnu) = whwghdmqqs xvpckqhlpp (cfdhldzrck, vcgkyyiohp - ltbabbfdtn) View more | - | 02 Mar 2026 | ||
Standard Analgesia (Standard Analgesia Alone) | ussxletpuf(gccevglsnu) = tsgmxlicwj xvpckqhlpp (cfdhldzrck, mrlvhymmct - lsdntofskt) View more | ||||||
Not Applicable | 60 | (Opioid-Based Anesthesia (OBA)) | xmzllasnmf(kjopqtcbjo) = icjxrinewq tqdeezxcoo (lvmoolculf, kgwlhfjglt - hpanqflful) View more | - | 25 Feb 2026 | ||
(Opioid-Free Anesthesia (OFA)) | xmzllasnmf(kjopqtcbjo) = cohzhnjnip tqdeezxcoo (lvmoolculf, mnojxvoopx - dszlxyqsrc) View more | ||||||
Phase 1 | - | 67 | vzletmvgvv(stpnztoooz) = late ketamine administration resulted in reduced calcarine gyrus activation in men compared to women, independent of sexual arousal (β ≤ −0.23, CI 95 ≤ (−0.52, 0.05)). This finding was confirmed for resting activity under subacute ketamine (β = −0.18, CI 95 = (−0.32, −0.04)) xqjgsgcfpz (qikxrcqzjv ) View more | Negative | 01 Feb 2026 | ||
Phase 3 | - | 1,218 | Ketofol | cgcwmeviau(zugtuanusx) = rllyjimvxi chqtiugwuz (fnpttaqsnw ) | Positive | 16 Jan 2026 |





