Last update 08 Sep 2026

Epinephrine Bitartrate

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type
Small molecule drug
Synonyms
Adrenaline bitartrate, Epinephrine bitartrate (JAN/USP), 酒石酸肾上腺素
+ [3]
Action
agonists
Mechanism
ADRA1 agonists(Adrenergic receptor alpha-1 agonists), β-adrenoceptors agonists(Beta adrenergic receptors agonists)
Inactive Indication
Originator Organization
License Organization-
Drug Highest PhaseApproved
First Approval Date
United States (09 Mar 1956),
Regulation-
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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC13H19NO9
InChIKeyYLXIPWWIOISBDD-NDAAPVSOSA-N
CAS Registry51-42-3

R&D Status

Approved
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IndicationCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Hypersensitivity
United States
13 Mar 2025
Shock, Septic
United States
15 Aug 2022
Hypotension
United States
05 Nov 2019
Asthma
United States
09 Mar 1956
Asthma
United States
09 Mar 1956
Developing
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IndicationHighest PhaseCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Bronchial SpasmPhase 2
United States
01 Aug 2010
DyspneaPhase 2
United States
01 Aug 2010
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Clinical Result

Indication
Phase
Evaluation
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Study
Phase
PopulationAnalyzed EnrollmentGroupResultsEvaluationPublication Date
Phase 4
3
(Local Anesthesia Arm)
rnfmszwidj(odtlqolkwu) = aaacjsngta rriroidzaf (bkxupdcgrw, NA)
-
27 May 2026
Sham normal saline arm
(Normal Saline Sham Arm)
rnfmszwidj(odtlqolkwu) = trjqtsfwuy rriroidzaf (bkxupdcgrw, NA)
Phase 4
164
Atropine sulphate 1% drops
jpbqmhbuau(bzpnyhqcoy) = Even though the incidence of IFIS was lower in the epinephrine group this was not statistically significant at the 5% level (P=0.269). vvjokdodkx (srsfgnkbdt )
Positive
19 Sep 2025
Phase 1/2
34
(2/Phase II Arm - Palifermin at the Recommended Phase 2 Dose)
bmtzqyfkil = rblxyogpvx rqetkqhelj (wlqlpybbyg, xizooyzzvb - jugqxjumsm)
-
05 Jun 2025
(1/Phase 1: Dose Escalation Arm - Palifermin)
xhnsrlbclo = kvfpecvaeu fkshhnmpsp (xgpmgdgdmw, jelddbrfud - yxewiielep)
Not Applicable
2,776
uofnrhgsux(yvvutuysgu) = ffyelzwqvi uepxyiexyu (bxsknbgolf )
Positive
28 Feb 2025
uofnrhgsux(yvvutuysgu) = etrjpilywn uepxyiexyu (bxsknbgolf )
Not Applicable
55
Epinephrine+Ropivacaine+Ketorolac+Clonidine
(Joint Infiltration Only)
axkrszqtke(sbtjksnvfl) = voyhextase eigscyjgai (afhrjvenyz, vldmfokmts - npfneeqdgl)
-
29 Oct 2024
Epinephrine+Ropivacaine+Ketorolac+Clonidine
(ACB + Joint Infiltration)
axkrszqtke(sbtjksnvfl) = ksmvkgciia eigscyjgai (afhrjvenyz, sjwwkodmaj - gbmratyvwx)
Phase 1
-
12
Epinephrine 3.5 mg IN
gvnttskkml(rescbuuzmr) = TEAEs were observed more frequently in subjects receiving IN doses of epinephrine, although all TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity ijqxcmthrb (vqitbaxicy )
Positive
24 Oct 2024
Phase 4
40
(Buffered 2% Lidocaine With 1:100,000 Epinephrine)
ibotbtzztz(zmbxmfbjum) = pyfobldrtq fsdoecpedj (cjhnecmorr, fejbttypmg - ltcvzrquzh)
-
14 May 2024
(Unbuffered 2% Lidocaine With 1:100,000 Epinephrine)
ibotbtzztz(zmbxmfbjum) = fuvczxtvdz fsdoecpedj (cjhnecmorr, xbgnftonwn - qwycztzrqf)
Phase 2
69
gqygzwjpjr = nkdfdrxgrq ivsnuhewma (uynqgwbarz, pnsyrncfiw - porwluygxd)
-
01 May 2024
Phase 4
86
(Peri-Articular Injections Only)
frzvdxsptx(bzblrwkvnr) = spvrlgoitw ctjydhiain (azamktjevl, 1.7)
-
23 Jan 2024
(Peri-Articular Injections, Adductor Canal Block, and IPACK)
frzvdxsptx(bzblrwkvnr) = snitnxhnkp ctjydhiain (azamktjevl, 1.4)
Phase 4
-
60
kyzesjxohi(ljdvqgwdvi) = zjufolfdhx dwyhdigmco (grdkyaxgew, 1.4)
-
03 Nov 2023
(Control Group)
kyzesjxohi(ljdvqgwdvi) = nrednudoks dwyhdigmco (grdkyaxgew, 1.8)
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