Hydroxyethyl Starch

Doxorubicin (DOX), from the anthracycline family, is a widely utilized chemotherapy for various malignancies; however, its utility is limited due to the serious adverse reactions, particularly on the kidneys, primarily related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Hesperetin (HES), the citrus fruit derivative, is a naturally occurring flavonoid. Previous studies underscored HES's protective efficacy against renal damage in several disorders in rodents through its proven antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This work explored the protecting role of HES against the nephrotoxic effects of DOX and the possible underlying mechanisms. Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats via administering six equal doses of DOX (3 mg/kg/week, i.p) for six consecutive weeks. The treated group received HES (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) simultaneously with DOX. Rats' body and kidney weights, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and albumin were estimated. Kidney tissue was treated to assess redox status, histopathological, and immunohistochemical alterations. Compared to the controls, coadministration of HES with DOX significantly reduced the serum BUN and creatinine, elevated the serum albumin, amended the glomerular distortion and tubular epithelial degeneration, decreased collagen deposition, vascular congestion, and inflammatory cells in addition to the significant attenuation of inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic markers. Our study is the first of its kind to underscore the HES's antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities in an experimental model of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity with emphasis on TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 signaling pathway, rendering it as an effective therapeutic supplement that could alleviate the nephrotoxic effect of DOX.

The management of infected chronic wounds is one of the urgent challenges. Herein, a hesperidin (Hes)-loaded self-assembled supramolecular hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan (CQHP) has been developed as an efficient photothermal antibacterial dressing for MRSA-infected wound healing. Specifically, CQHP hydrogels fabricated through the dynamic noncovalent interactions among CM-β-CD grafted QCS, Hes, proline and Fe³⁺, exhibited injectable and self-healing behaviors, along with adhesion, antioxidant, hemostatic and protein adsorption performance, satisfying the essential feature as chronic wound dressing. Of note, superior photothermal effect generated from the Hes-Fe³⁺ has been demonstrated, which endowed the CQHP hydrogels effectively and rapidly eliminate the E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA through photothermal therapy, thereby avoiding the use of antibiotics or photothermal conversion nanomaterials in hydrogels and substantially reducing the biological toxicity. Furtherly, sustained antibacterial performance in the absence of NIR can be achieved through the inherent antibacterial activities of Hes. Importantly, the developed CQHP hydrogels significantly promoted the closure of acute full-thickness scratch wounds, and exhibited remarkable better therapeutic effect on MRSA-infected wound than commercial 3M transparent film, by efficiency and sustained antibacterial activity, reducing inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis and collagen deposition, highlighting its promising application in the MRSA-infected wound healing with high efficiency, quality and security.